We aim to investigate cool-core and non-cool-core properties of galaxy groups through X-ray data and compare them to the AGN radio output to understand the network of intracluster medium (ICM) ...cooling and feedback by supermassive black holes. We also aim to investigate the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) to see how they are affected by cooling and heating processes, and compare the properties of groups to those of clusters. We conclude that there are important differences between clusters and groups within the ICM cooling/AGN feedback paradigm and speculate that more gas is fueling star formation in groups than in clusters where much of the gas is thought to feed the central AGN.
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Aims. We aim to systematically investigate the cores of a sample of fossil galaxy groups and clusters (“fossil systems”), using Chandra data, to see what hints they can offer about the properties of ...the intracluster medium in these particular objects. Methods. We chose a sample of 17 fossil systems from literature with archival Chandra data and determined the cool-core fraction for fossils via three observable diagnostics, namely the central cooling time, cuspiness, and concentration parameter. We quantified the dynamical state of the fossils by the X-ray peak/brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) separation, and the X-ray peak/emission weighted centre separation. We also investigated the X-ray emission coincident with the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) to detect the presence of potential thermal coronae. A deprojection analysis was performed for fossils with z< 0.05 to resolve subtle temperature structures, and to obtain the cooling time and entropy profiles. We also investigated the LX − T relation for fossils from the 400d catalogue to test whether the scaling relation deviates from what is typically observed for other groups. Results. Most fossils are identified as cool-core objects via at least two cool-core diagnostics with the population of weak cool-core fossils being the highest. All fossils have their dominant elliptical galaxy within 50 kpc of the X-ray peak, and most also have the emission weighted centre within that distance. We do not see clear indications of an X-ray corona associated with the BCG unlike coronae observed for some other clusters. Fossils lack universal temperature profiles, with some low-temperature objects generally not showing features that are expected for ostensibly relaxed objects with a cool-core. The entropy profiles of the z< 0.05 fossil systems can be described well by a power law with shallower indices than what is expected for pure gravitational processes. Finally, the fossils LX − T relation shows indications of an elevated normalisation with respect to other groups, which seems to persist even after factoring in selection effects. Conclusions. We interpret these results within the context of the formation and evolution of fossils, and speculate that non-gravitational heating, and AGN feedback in particular, could have had an impact on the ICM properties of these systems.
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This is the first aural rehabilitation book of its kind to intertwine chapter text with over 200 captioned videos. This unique resource is intended to educate undergraduate and graduate students in ...speech-language pathology, audiology, and education of the deaf and hard of hearing, as well as enhance the knowledge and skills of practicing professionals.
Functions of Hydrotropes in Solutions Subbarao, C. V.; Chakravarthy, I. P. K.; Sai Bharadwaj, A. V. S. L. ...
Chemical engineering & technology,
February, 2012, Volume:
35, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hydrotropes affect a several‐fold increase of the solubility of sparingly soluble solutes under normal conditions. Their water‐solubility can significantly enhance the solubility of organic solutes ...such as esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, and fats. While the study of hydrotropes is pioneered by a biochemist, greater appreciation of their role and applicability has happened rather in chemistry and chemical engineering than in biology. Hydrotropes are widely used in drug solubilization, as extraction agents for fragrances, as agents to increase the rate of heterogeneous reactions, and for separation of close‐boiling liquid mixtures through extractive distillation and liquid‐liquid extraction. Applications of hydrotropy and its mechanism are discussed and the scope for future work is presented in this review.
Hydrotropes are water‐soluble surface‐active compounds that at higher concentration enhance the solubilities of organic reactants in aqueous phases. Besides being cheap, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly, aqueous hydrotropic solutions possess physicochemical characteristics required to be an alternative reaction media. Applications of hydrotropy and its mechanism are reviewed and discussed.
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Despite possessing attractive features such as autotrophic growth on minimal media, industrial applications of cyanobacteria are hindered by a lack of genetic manipulative tools. There are two ...important features that are important for an effective manipulation: a vector which can carry the gene, and an induction system activated through external stimuli, giving us control over the expression. In this study, we describe the construction of an improved RSF1010-based vector as well as a temperature-inducible RNA thermometer. RSF1010 is a well-studied incompatibility group Q (IncQ) vector, capable of replication in most Gram negative, and some Gram positive bacteria. Our designed vector, named pSM201v, can be used as an expression vector in some Gram positive and a wide range of Gram negative bacteria including cyanobacteria. An induction system activated via physical external stimuli such as temperature, allows precise control of overexpression. pSM201v addresses several drawbacks of the RSF1010 plasmid; it has a reduced backbone size of 5189 bp compared to 8684 bp of the original plasmid, which provides more space for cloning and transfer of cargo DNA into the host organism. The mobilization function, required for plasmid transfer into several cyanobacterial strains, is reduced to a 99 bp region, as a result that mobilization of this plasmid is no longer linked to the plasmid replication. The RNA thermometer, named DTT1, is based on a RNA hairpin strategy that prevents expression of downstream genes at temperatures below 30 °C. Such RNA elements are expected to find applications in biotechnology to economically control gene expression in a scalable manner.
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•Development of shortened broad host range vector.•Mobilization of plasmid is controlled by a single RP4 oriT.•Development of temperature inducible RNA thermometer fit for use in cyanobacteria.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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•Emerging physicochemical pretreatments (EPPs) for LCB are discussed.•Integrated physicochemical techniques favor LCB fractionation at various levels.•Fractionation and ...delignification of LCB significantly improve its bioconversion.•The effects of different EPPs on biofuel production are highlighted.•Challenges of the EPPs for sustainable biofuel production are highlighted.
The inherent recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is a significant barrier to efficient lignocellulosic biorefinery owing to its complex structure and the presence of inhibitory components, primarily lignin. Efficient biomass pretreatment strategies are crucial for fragmentation of lignocellulosic biocomponents, increasing the surface area and solubility of cellulose fibers, and removing or extracting lignin. Conventional pretreatment methods have several disadvantages, such as high operational costs, equipment corrosion, and the generation of toxic byproducts and effluents. In recent years, many emerging single-step, multi-step, and/or combined physicochemical pretreatment regimes have been developed, which are simpler in operation, more economical, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, many of these combined physicochemical methods improve biomass bioaccessibility and effectively fractionate ∼96 % of lignocellulosic biocomponents into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, thereby allowing for highly efficient lignocellulose bioconversion. This review critically discusses the emerging physicochemical pretreatment methods for efficient lignocellulose bioconversion for biofuel production to address the global energy crisis.
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We study the evolution of periodic nanostructures formed on the surface of diamond by femtosecond laser irradiation delivering 230 fs pulses at 1030 nm and 515 nm wavelengths with a repetition rate ...of 250 kHz. Using scanning electron microscopy, we observe a change in the periodicity of the nanostructures by varying the number of pulses overlapping in the laser focal volume. We simulate the evolution of the period of the high spatial frequency laser induced periodic surface structures at the two wavelengths as a function of number of pulses, accounting for the change in the optical properties of diamond via a generalized plasmonic model. We propose a hypothesis that describes the origin of the nanostructures and the principal role of plasmonic excitation in their formation during multipulse femtosecond laser irradiation.
Biochar has gained attention as an alternative source of solid energy and for the proper disposal of agricultural biomass waste (ABW). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is a promising approach for ...the production of biochar. This review article presents the beneficial use of biochar for soil fertilization, machine learning (ML), the circular bioeconomy, and the technology readiness level. The use of machine learning techniques helps to design, predict, and optimize the process. It can also improve the accuracy and efficacy of the biochar production process, thereby reducing costs. Furthermore, the use of biochar as a soil amendment can be an attractive option for farmers. The incorporation of biochar into soil has been shown to improve soil fertility, water retention, and crop productivity. This can lead to reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers and increased agricultural yields. The development of a biochar economy has the potential to create new job opportunities and increase the national gross domestic product (GDP). Small-scale enterprises can play a significant role in the production and distribution of biochar, providing value-added products and helping to promote sustainable agriculture.
The proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) is well-suited for discovering physics beyond the Standard Model and for precisely unraveling the structure of the underlying physics. The physics ...return can be maximized by the use of polarized beams. This report shows the paramount role of polarized beams and summarizes the benefits obtained from polarizing the positron beam, as well as the electron beam. The physics case for this option is illustrated explicitly by analyzing reference reactions in different physics scenarios. The results show that positron polarization, combined with the clean experimental environment provided by the linear collider, allows to improve strongly the potential of searches for new particles and the identification of their dynamics, which opens the road to resolve shortcomings of the Standard Model. The report also presents an overview of possible designs for polarizing both beams at the ILC, as well as for measuring their polarization.
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