In this article, the effects of sugars and amino acids on furan formation via the Maillard reaction in low‐moisture model systems were investigated. Glucose and alanine are important furan ...precursors, and the effects of the heating temperature, heating time, and molar ratio of glucose to alanine on furan formation were studied in glucose/alanine model system by response surface methodology. The heating temperature greatly affected furan formation. The maximum furan concentration was obtained with a glucose‐to‐alanine molar ratio of 0.83:1.00, by heating at 151 °C for 41 min. Tea polyphenols effectively inhibited furan formation in the glucose/alanine model and a canned coffee model. A high inhibition rate of 42.4% ± 1.5% was obtained in the canned coffee model during sterilization procedure with addition of 84 mg (the mass fraction is 12.1%) of tea polyphenols (99%). However, the content of aromatic components in the canned coffee model was significantly reduced at the same time. This study provides evidence for a good furan inhibitor that can be used in food processing.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Both poikilotherms and homeotherms live longer at lower body temperatures, highlighting a general role of temperature reduction in lifespan extension. However, the underlying mechanisms remain ...unclear. One prominent model is that cold temperatures reduce the rate of chemical reactions, thereby slowing the rate of aging. This view suggests that cold-dependent lifespan extension is simply a passive thermodynamic process. Here, we challenge this view in C. elegans by showing that genetic programs actively promote longevity at cold temperatures. We find that TRPA-1, a cold-sensitive TRP channel, detects temperature drop in the environment to extend lifespan. This effect requires cold-induced, TRPA-1-mediated calcium influx and a calcium-sensitive PKC that signals to the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. Human TRPA1 can functionally substitute for worm TRPA-1 in promoting longevity. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function for TRP channels, link calcium signaling to longevity, and, importantly, demonstrate that genetic programs contribute to lifespan extension at cold temperatures.
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► Cold-dependent lifespan extension is not a passive thermodynamic process ► A genetic program actively contributes to lifespan extension at cold temperatures ► This program includes a cold-sensitive TRP channel, Ca2+ influx, PKC, SGK, and FOXO ► The intestine, a nonexcitable tissue, can also act as a cold receptor
A cold-sensitive ion channel detects temperature drops in the environment and actively promotes longevity in worms, suggesting that lifespan extension in response to cold temperatures is under genetic control.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
As a novel X-ray focusing technology, lobster-eye micropore optics (MPO) feature both a wide observing field of view and true imaging capability, promising sky monitoring with significantly ...improved sensitivity and spatial resolution in soft X-rays. Since first proposed by Angel, the optics have been extensively studied, developed and trialed over the past decades. In this Letter, we report on the first-light results from a flight experiment of the Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy, a pathfinder of the wide-field X-ray telescope of the Einstein Probe mission. The piggyback imager, launched in 2022 July, has a mostly unvignetted field of view of 18.°6 × 18.°6. Its spatial resolution is in the range of 4′–7′ in FWHM and the focal spot effective area is 2–3 cm
2
, both showing only mild fluctuations across the field of view. We present images of the Galactic center region, Sco X-1, and the diffuse Cygnus Loop nebular taken in snapshot observations over 0.5–4 keV. These are truly wide-field X-ray images of celestial bodies observed, for the first time, by a focusing imaging telescope. Initial analyses of the in-flight data show excellent agreement between the observed images and the on-ground calibration and simulations. The instrument and its characterization are briefly described, as well as the flight experiment. The results provide a solid basis for the development of the present and proposed wide-field X-ray missions using lobster-eye MPO.
A controlled diffusion solidification (CDS) process with simultaneous mixing of two precursor melts was proposed in this work. The mixing process and the effect of mixing rate were simulated taking ...Al-8 wt% Si alloy as a model material, and the nucleation and growth mode were then discussed based on the simulation results. Finally, experiments were conducted to confirm the simulation results and the feasibility of this process. The results indicated that blending effectively operated after the two-stream mixture entered into the bottom mixture due to the generated intensive convection or vortex, resulting in formation of numerous small pockets of the two melts. Copious nucleation then promptly occurred in the pure Al pockets that were rapidly supercooled by surrounding Al-12Si pockets, and the α-Al nuclei then grew in a stable solid/liquid interface mode that was resulted from the unique distribution characteristic of Si element in the melt ahead of the interface. As a result, a microstructure with small nondendritic or spheroidal grains was achieved. The blending result was continuously improved as mixing rate increased, which was confirmed by the experiment result, both the average size and shape factor of primary α-Al grains in the CDS castings decreased with increasing mixing rate, and these two parameters at the employed highest rate of 1.6 kg/s were about 52 μm and 1.35, respectively. The proposed CDS can completely overcome the shortcomings of the traditional one, and is a more promising way for casting components or preparing ideal nondendritic semisolid slurry or ingot for semisolid forming.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) have a high risk of developing NIDDM. The purpose of this study was to determine whether, diet and exercise interventions in those with IGT may delay ...the development of NIDDM, i.e., reduce the incidence of NIDDM, and thereby reduce the overall incidence of diabetic complications, such as cardiovascular, renal, and retinal disease, and the excess mortality attributable to these complications. In 1986, 110,660 men and women from 33 health care clinics the city of Da Qing, China, were screened for IGT and NIDDM. Of these individual, 577 were classified (using World Health organization criteria) as having IGT. Subjects were randomized by clinic into a clinical trial, either to a control group or to one pf three active treatment groups diet only, exercise only or diet plus exercise. Follow-up evaluation examination were conducted at 2-year intervals over a year period to identify subjects who developed NIDDM. Cox's proportional hazard analysis was used to determine if the incidence of NIDDM varied by treatment assignment. The cumulative incidence of diabetes at 6 years was 67.7% (95% CI, 59.8-75.2) in the control group compared with 43.8% (95% CI, 35.5-52.3) in the diet group, 41.1% (95% CI, 33.4-49.4) in the exercise group, and 46.0% (95% CI, 37.3-54.7) in the diet-plus exercise group (P 0.05). When analyzed by clinic, each of the active intervention groups differed significantly from the control clinics (P 0.05). The relative decrease in rate of development of diabetes in the active treatment groups was similar when subjects were stratified as lean or overweight (BMI or greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2). In a proportional hazards analysis adjusted for differences in baseline BMI and fasting glucose, the diet, exercise, and diet-plus-exercise interventions were associated with 31% (P 0.03), 46% (P 0.0005), and 42% (P 0.005) reductions in risk of developing diabetes, respectively. Diet and/or exercise interve
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in multiple physiological functions (i.e., functional aging). As animals age, they exhibit a gradual loss in motor activity, but the underlying ...mechanisms remain unclear. Here we approach this question in C. elegans by functionally characterizing its aging nervous system and muscles. We find that motor neurons exhibit a progressive functional decline, beginning in early life. Surprisingly, body-wall muscles, which were previously thought to undergo functional aging, do not manifest such a decline until mid-late life. Notably, motor neurons first develop a deficit in synaptic vesicle fusion followed by that in quantal size and vesicle docking/priming, revealing specific functional deteriorations in synaptic transmission. Pharmacological stimulation of synaptic transmission can improve motor activity in aged animals. These results uncover a critical role for the nervous system in age-dependent motor activity decline in C. elegans and provide insights into how functional aging occurs in this organism.
•As animals age, they gradually lose motor activity, but the mechanism is unclear•In C. elegans, the nervous system, but not muscles, functionally declines in early life•Motor neurons develop specific deficits in synaptic transmission in early life•Chemical stimulation of synaptic transmission improves motor activity in old worms
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Tissue-tissue communications are integral to organismal aging, orchestrating a body-wide aging process. The brain plays a key role in this process by detecting and processing signals from the ...environment and then communicating them to distal tissues such as the gut to regulate longevity. How this is achieved, however, is poorly understood. Here, using
as a model, we identified two distinct neuroendocrine signaling circuits by which the worm nervous system senses cool and warm environmental temperatures through cool- and warm-sensitive neurons and then signals the gut to extend and shorten life span, respectively. The prolongevity "cool" circuit uses the small neurotransmitters glutamate and serotonin, whereas the anti-longevity "warm" circuit is mediated by insulin-like neuropeptides. Both types of neuroendocrine signals converge on the gut through their cognate receptors to differentially regulate the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO, leading to opposing outcomes in longevity. Our study illustrates how the brain detects and processes environmental signals to bidirectionally regulate longevity by signaling the gut.
Many animal tissues/cells are photosensitive, yet only two types of photoreceptors (i.e., opsins and cryptochromes) have been discovered in metazoans. The question arises as to whether unknown types ...of photoreceptors exist in the animal kingdom. LITE-1, a seven-transmembrane gustatory receptor (GR) homolog, mediates UV-light-induced avoidance behavior in C. elegans. However, it is not known whether LITE-1 functions as a chemoreceptor or photoreceptor. Here, we show that LITE-1 directly absorbs both UVA and UVB light with an extinction coefficient 10–100 times that of opsins and cryptochromes, indicating that LITE-1 is highly efficient in capturing photons. Unlike typical photoreceptors employing a prosthetic chromophore to capture photons, LITE-1 strictly depends on its protein conformation for photon absorption. We have further identified two tryptophan residues critical for LITE-1 function. Interestingly, unlike GPCRs, LITE-1 adopts a reversed membrane topology. Thus, LITE-1, a taste receptor homolog, represents a distinct type of photoreceptor in the animal kingdom.
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•LITE-1, a taste receptor homolog, is a bona fide photoreceptor that senses UV light•LITE-1 has a high efficiency of photon capturing•Photoabsorption by LITE-1 relies on its conformation and requires two Trp residues•Introducing such a Trp residue into a related protein promotes photosensitivity
A taste receptor homolog absorbs UV light and mediates avoidance behavior in C. elegans in response to light exposure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) is one of the chemical solution deposition methods which have been successfully used to grow films, form coatings, and synthesize nanostructured materials. In ...comparison with other conventional solution-based deposition techniques, PAD differs in its use of water-soluble polymers in the solution that prevent the metal ions from unwanted chemical reactions and keep the solution stable. Furthermore, filtration to remove non-coordinated cations and anions in the PAD process ensures well controlled nucleation, which enables the growth of high quality epitaxial films with desired structural and physical properties. The precursor solution is prepared by mixing water-soluble polymer(s) with salt(s). Thermal treatment of the precursor films in a controlled environment leads to the formation of desired materials. Using BaTiO
3
grown on SrTiO
3
and LaMnO
3
on LaAlO
3
as model systems, we show the effect of filtration on the nucleation and growth of epitaxial complex metal-oxide films based on the PAD process.
Binding metal ions to polymers protects metal ions from reaction at low temperatures before polymers are depolymerized and makes filtration possible in the PAD process.
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