•This article uses methods and theory from urban economics and economic geography to examine urban structure at Teotihuacan.•We find evidence of spatial equilibrium at Teotihuacan.•Competition for ...desirable land near urban amenities acted as a gravitational force for residential location and land use preferences.•We find evidence of a strong spatial gradient of class composition indicating that higher wealth groups outcompeted lower wealth groups for more valuable land.
This study employs canonical methods and theory from urban economics and economic geography to analyze the urban structure of the ancient city of Teotihuacan. We present evidence that Teotihuacan’s overall configuration, which includes spatial patterning in land use, demography, and social class, reveals density gradients that are consistent with the assumptions of urban spatial equilibrium. In general, spatial equilibrium posits that locational advantages conferred by proximity to desirable land (i.e., urban amenities) are offset by the associated land and transportation costs. These results provide insights into the process of urbanization at the ancient metropolis as well as its structural underpinnings such as social inequality and spatial competition. Based on these results, we argue that the framework employed here is broadly applicable to archaeological case studies and can lead to new inferences about the comparative dynamics of ancient urbanization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
Although bariatric surgery (BS) is considered safe, concern remains regarding severe post-operative adverse events and mortality. Using a national BS registry, the aim of this study was to ...assess the incidence, etiologies, and risk factors for mortality following BS.
Methods
Prospective data from the National Registry of Bariatric Surgery in Israel (NRBS) including age, gender, BMI, comorbidities, and surgical procedure information were collected for all patients who underwent BS in Israel between June 2013 and June 2016. The primary study outcome was the 3.5-year post-BS mortality rate, obtained by cross-referencing with the Israel population registry.
Results
Of the 28,755 patients analyzed (67.3% females, mean age 42.0 ± 12.5 years, and preoperative BMI 42.14 ± 5.21 kg/m
2
), 76% underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 99.1% of the surgeries were performed laparoscopically, and 50.8% of the surgeries were performed in private medical centers. Overall, 95 deaths occurred during the study period (146.9/100,000 person years). The 30-day rate of post-operative mortality was 0.04% (
n
= 12). Male gender (HR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.16–3.25), age (HR = 1.06, 95%CI 1.04–1.09), BMI (HR = 1.08, 95%CI 1.05–1.11), and depression (HR = 2.38, 95%CI 1.25–4.52) were independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause 3.5-year mortality, while married status (HR = 0.43, 95%CI 0.26–0.71) was associated with a decreased risk.
Conclusion
Mortality after BS is low. Nevertheless, a variety of risk factors including male gender, advanced age, unmarried status, higher BMI, and preoperative depressive disorder were associated with higher mortality rates. Special attention should be given to these “at-risk” BS patients.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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