We assessed how consequences of future land-use change may affect size and spatial shifts of C stocks under three potential trends in policy--(a) business-as-usual: continuation of land-use trends ...observed during the past 15 years; (b) extensification: full extensification of open-land; and (c) liberalization: full reforestation potential. The build-up times for the three scenarios are estimated at 30, 80 and 100 years, respectively. Potential C-stock change rates are derived from the literature. Whereas the business-as-usual scenario would cause marginal changes of 0.5%, liberalization would provoke a 13% increase in C stocks (+62 MtC). Gains of 24% would be expected for forests (+95 MtC), whereas open-land C stock would decrease 27% (-33 MtC). Extensification would lead to a C stock decrease of 3% (-12 MtC). Whereas forest C is expected to increase 12% (+36.5 MtC) at high elevations, stocks of open-land C would decline 38.5% (-48.5 MtC). Most affected are unfavorable grasslands, which increase in area (+59%) but contribute only 14.5% to the C stocks. C sinks would amount to 0.6 MtC y⁻¹ assuming a build-up time of 100 years for the liberalization scenario. C stocks on the current forest area are increasing by 1 MtC y⁻¹. The maximal total C sink of 1.6 MtC might thus suffice to compensate for agricultural greenhouse gases (2004: 1.4 Mt CO₂-C equivalents), but corresponds only to 11-13% of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission in Switzerland. Thus, even the largest of the expected terrestrial C stocks under liberalization will be small in comparison with current emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Obesity is considered by many as a lifestyle choice rather than a chronic progressive disease. The Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) SOPHIA (Stratification of Obesity Phenotypes to Optimize ...Future Obesity Therapy) project is part of a momentum shift aiming to provide better tools for the stratification of people with obesity according to disease risk and treatment response. One of the challenges to achieving these goals is that many clinical cohorts are siloed, limiting the potential of combined data for biomarker discovery. In SOPHIA, we have addressed this challenge by setting up a federated database building on open-source DataSHIELD technology. The database currently federates 16 cohorts that are accessible via a central gateway. The database is multi-modal, including research studies, clinical trials, and routine health data, and is accessed using the R statistical programming environment where statistical and machine learning analyses can be performed at a distance without any disclosure of patient-level data. We demonstrate the use of the database by providing a proof-of-concept analysis, performing a federated linear model of BMI and systolic blood pressure, pooling all data from 16 studies virtually without any analyst seeing individual patient-level data. This analysis provided similar point estimates compared to a meta-analysis of the 16 individual studies. Our approach provides a benchmark for reproducible, safe federated analyses across multiple study types provided by multiple stakeholders.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The development of novel antithrombotic agents directly affecting gene expression requires well established, reliable and useful in vitro model systems for initial validation of drug effects. Since ...most proteins involved in coagulation are synthesized by the liver, the hepatoblastoma cell line Hep G2 is introduced, here, as a model system to test nucleic acid based coagulation inhibitors.
Hep G2 cells were characterized with respect to prothrombin, tissue factor and factor VIII expression in dependence of cell culture conditions. Reliable enzyme linked immuno sorbent assays as well as viability tests were introduced that allow drug screening procedures with multiple probes in microplate format. Furthermore, a multiplex PCR-procedure has been presented that offers the possibility to simultaneously detect the effects of a selected compound on two coagulation proteins in comparison to a house keeping gene.
Hep G2 cells were not affected in viability by cell culture conditions, while proliferation and the expression patterns of some coagulation factors were affected by the adhesion factor collagen. The prothrombin expression characteristics allowed us to choose a specific time point for the transfection of Hep G2 cells with prothrombin specific antisense oligonucleotides. Antisense oligonucleotides inhibited prothrombin expression independent from culture conditions and the effects were detected on protein-and mRNA-level.
Nucleic acid based agents require cellular in vitro model systems since they affect the process of gene expression and not the gene product. Hep G2 cells are a useful model to study effects of novel nucleic acid based coagulation inhibitors with an antisense mechanism of action on protein and mRNA level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have higher infection rates compared to those without SCI. In this review, the immune status difference between individuals with and without traumatic SCI is ...investigated by examining their peripheral immune cells and markers. PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched without language or date restrictions. Studies reporting peripheral immune markers’ concentration and changes in functional capabilities of immune cells that compared individuals with and without SCI were included. Studies with participants with active infection, immune disease, and central nervous system (CNS) immune markers were excluded. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Effect estimates were measured by Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Fifty-four studies (1813 with SCI and 1378 without SCI) contributed to the meta-analysis. Leukocytes (n = 23, WMD 0.78, 95% CI 0.17; 1.38, I2 83%), neutrophils (n = 11, WMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.09; 1.42, I2 89%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 12, WMD 2.25, 95% CI 1.14; 3.56, I2 95%), and IL6 (n = 13, WMD 2.33, 95% CI 1.20; 3.49, I2 97%) were higher in individuals with SCI vs. without SCI. Clinical factors (phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, sex) and study-related factors (sample size, study design, and serum vs. plasma) partially explained heterogeneity. Immune cells exhibited lower functional capability in individuals with SCI vs. those without SCI. Most studies (75.6%) had a moderate risk of bias. The immune status of individuals with SCI differs from those without SCI and is clinically influenced by the phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, and sex. These results provide information that is vital for monitoring and management strategies to effectively improve the immune status of individuals with SCI.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) is expected to provide reliable data about the current state of the Swiss forests and recent changes. Since the first Swiss NFI (1982-1986) a deadwood ...assessment has been part of the inventory. However, the definition of deadwood used was restricted and only parts of the total deadwood volume were assessed. A broader definition was therefore used in the second NFI (1993-1995) and coarse wood debris (CWD) was also assessed using line intersect sampling in the third NFI (2004-2006). This paper discusses the development of the definition of deadwood from the first to the third Swiss NFI, as well as the tally rules and estimators used in assessing deadwood in the ongoing third NFI. Different definitions of deadwood were applied in two Swiss regions and the resulting volume estimates were compared. The definition of deadwood appears to be crucial for the estimate of deadwood volumes, which were significantly underestimated in the first and second Swiss NFI. The minimum diameter and other limits applied must be chosen with special care. Up to 30 m³/ha of deadwood was found in Swiss forests varying with the region. There was little evidence of significant correlations between deadwood volume and such forest parameters as management, site or stand attributes. The proposed target values for the volume of deadwood have been generally reached, whereas the number of snags per hectare has not.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Videos oder Texte in der Lehrerbildung? Syring, Marcus; Bohl, Thorsten; Kleinknecht, Marc ...
Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft,
11/2015, Volume:
18, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Die Arbeit untersucht die Effekte der beiden Medien Video und Text bei der Arbeit mit Unterrichtsfällen im Lehramtsstudium auf die kognitive Belastung und die motivational-emotionalen Prozesse beim ...Lernen und geht zusätzlich der Frage nach, ob Zusammenhänge zwischen kognitiven und nicht-kognitiven Prozessen bestehen. In der Studie wurden 21 curricular gleiche und parallel stattfindende Seminare fallbasiert gestaltet und auf die Bedingungen "Video" oder "Text" verteilt. Zusätzlich wurde eine Kontrollgruppe ohne Fallarbeit untersucht. Die an der Studie teilnehmenden N = 680 Lehramtsstudierenden wurden innerhalb von zwei fallbasierten Sitzungen zum Thema "Classroom-Management" drei Mal befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Videofälle als kognitiv belastender gegenüber Textfällen empfunden wurden, dagegen die Immersion bei der Videoanalyse und die Freude beim Lernen stärker empfunden wurden als bei der Textanalyse. Ein Zusammenhang zeigte sich zwischen kognitiver Belastung und motivationalen Prozessen beim Lernen. Es wird diskutiert, wie die differenziellen Effekte der Medien der Fallarbeit für den didaktischen Einsatz in der Lehrerbildung genutzt werden können. (DIPF/Orig.).
This study examines the effects of video and text on cognitive load and motivational-emotional processes during case-based learning in pre-service teacher education. It also enquires whether cognitive and non-cognitive processes are connected. For the study, 21 parallel courses with the same topic of study were case-based designed and distributed according to the use of video or text. In addition, a control group without assigned casework was examined. A total of 680 pre-service teachers were required to complete a short questionnaire three times within two case-based sessions on Classroom Management. Results show that video caused a higher cognitive load when compared with the use of text. However, the immersion in and joy of learning appeared stronger in the video analysis than in that of text. A correlation was found to exist between cognitive load and motivational processes in learning. We discuss how the differential effects of media in case-based learning can be used didactically in pre-service teacher education. (DIPF/Orig.).
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Pädagogisches Wissen gilt als wichtiger Bestandteil der professionellen Kompetenz von (angehenden) Lehrkräften. Epistemologische Überzeugungen (Überzeugungen bzgl. der Natur und Genese ...wissenschaftlichen Wissens) werden ebenfalls als Bestandteil professioneller Kompetenz verstanden. Motiviert durch aktuelle Entwicklungsfelder der pädagogisch-psychologischen Forschung zu allgemeinen epistemologischen Überzeugungen, untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag in einem experimentellen Design, inwiefern epistemologische Überzeugungen Lehr amtsstudierender bezüglich pädagogischen Wissens systematisch über Forschungsgegenstände diverser Subdisziplinen (z. B. Bezugsrahmen-Effekt, Inklusion, Lernen mit Lösungsbeispielen) variieren und welche Effekte verschiedene Quellen des Wissens (Laie, Experte, wiss. Literatur) bzw. die Einbettung des Wissens in schulischen Kontext zeigen. Mehrebenen-(Mehrgruppen-)Strukturgleichungsmodelle, in die 1938 Relativismuseinschätzungen von 323 Lehramts studierenden eingingen, zeigen starke Hinweise auf eine deutliche Varianz der epistemologischen Überzeugungen über die verschiedenen Forschungsgegenstände hinweg sowie für eine geringe relativistische Sichtweise des Wissens von "Experten". Die Einbettung des Wissens in schulischen Kontext zeigte keine signifikanten Effekte. Konsequenzen für die Erfassung spezifischer epistemologischer Überzeugungen sowie Folgerungen für Lehr-Lernprozesse in der Lehrerbildung werden diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.).
Pedagogical content knowledge is known as an important part of the professional competence of teachers. Epistemic beliefs (beliefs about the nature of knowing and knowledge) are part of some influential models of teachers' professional competence, too. The current experimental study investigates how epistemic beliefs about pedagogical content knowledge of teacher students vary over different topics (Big-Fish-Little-Pond effect, learning with worked out examples, etc.) and which effects the source (layperson, expert advise, scientific study) and context (school context, other contexts) shows. Multigroup multilevel structural equation models of 1938 epistemic beliefs ratings from 323 student teachers show evidence for a high within-person variance in epistemic beliefs as well as less relativistic beliefs for pedagogical knowledge retrieved from "experts". School context showed no significant effects. Consequences for further examinations of the specificity of epistemic beliefs are discussed as well as consequences of epistemic beliefs for learning processes in teacher education. (DIPF/Orig.).
Pedagogical content knowledge is known as an important part of the professional competence of teachers. Epistemic beliefs (beliefs about the nature of knowing and knowledge) are part of some ...influential models of teachers' professional competence, too. The current experimental study investigates how epistemic beliefs about pedagogical content knowledge of teacher students vary over different topics (Big-Fish-Little-Pond effect, learning with worked out examples, etc.) and which effects the source (layperson, expert advise, scientific study) and context (school context, other contexts) shows. Multigroup multilevel structural equation models of 1938 epistemic beliefs ratings from 323 student teachers show evidence for a high within-person variance in epistemic beliefs as well as less relativistic beliefs for pedagogical knowledge retrieved from "experts". School context showed no significant effects. Consequences for further examinations of the specificity of epistemic beliefs are discussed as well as consequences of epistemic beliefs for learning processes in teacher education.
In diesem Beitrag werden Teile des Angebot-Nutzungs-Modells verwendet, um Lehr-Lernzusammenhänge in fallbasierten Hochschulseminaren der Lehrerbildung theoretisch zu konzeptualisieren. Auf der ...Angebotsseite werden mittels einer theoretischen Verortung Konzepte und Prinzipien der Arbeit mit Unterrichtsfällen beschrieben. Anhand von empirischen Daten werden auf der Nutzungsseite Wirkungszusammenhänge unterschiedlicher Lehr-Lern-Modelle und Fallmedien auf kognitive Belastung, Motivation und Emotionen beim Lernen mit Fällen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich je nach Schwerpunktsetzung alle vier untersuchten Formen der Fallarbeit für Novizen eignen. Abschließend werden auf Basis der theoretischen Überlegungen und empirischen Befunde erste Konsequenzen für eine Hochschuldidaktik der Fallarbeit diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.).
The authors draw on elements of the offer-use-model for the theoretical conceptualization of teaching-learning-contexts in case-based university courses in teacher training. On the offer side, concepts and principles of working with teaching cases are described via a theoretical positioning. On the use side, interdependencies of diverse teaching- learning-models and case media are examined for cognitive stress, motivation, and emotions while learning with cases on the basis of empirical data. The results show that, depending on the respective prioritization, all four forms of casework examined are suitable for novices. In a final part, initial conclusions for a university didactics of casework are discussed on the basis of theoretical considerations and empirical findings. (DIPF/Orig.).
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