Development of non-wood fibers has been one of strategies to ensure a sustainable fiber supply, including plantation management, reforestation and recycling. Some of alternative fibers are algae that ...can be used as raw material for papermaking. The Shiro Alga Carta papers made from algae in combination with Forest Stewardship Council certified fibers (FSC - fibers) were used for this research. Three offset inks were used in printing: vegetable-based inks with different amount of renewable raw materials and mineral oil - based ink. Three series of prints were made: non-varnished, varnished with water-based dispersion, and varnished with UV cured varnish. The possibility of reusing fibers was determined by methods of re-pulping (loop I, loop II, loop III). The vegetable based ink toward improved structure give bather results in terms of brightness, ink content and dirt count and area compared with the mineral oil-based ink. Something lower brightness gain and DELTAERIC is obtained with water-based dispersion overprint samples. The lowest results are obtained for samples overprinted with UV cured varnish. The results of the research contribute to the explanation of paper/ink/varnish interaction on the reuse of the fibers, which takes into the area of the ecological sustainable development.
Sustainability is a premise that has been implemented in all technologies, industries, and service activities to have as little impact on the environment as possible. Typography as a profession made ...its contribution by creating eco fonts. In each country, the law regulates the lifespan of the storage of everyday business documents. One of the ways to reduce the impact on the environment is to reduce the consumption of ink, which can be achieved by printing the document with more sustainable fonts. By using the mentioned fonts when creating documents, the user should not notice a visual difference, and the document should have the same level of readability. Earlier research on ecological standards was only related to the environmental acceptability of materials, i.e., inks or printing substrates. Using eco fonts, each ink can have a reduced environmental impact. The more environmentally friendly fonts, Ryman Eco and Ecofont Sans, were tested in this experiment. Arial as a standard sans serif font and Times New Roman as a standard serif font were used as reference fonts. In the research, coverage data of different document samples created with different types of typeface and spacing are interpreted to investigate the possibility of saving ink. As eco fonts have been used since the end of the previous and beginning of this century, some stored documents are certainly ready for waste management, which is almost always recycled. By recycling document samples, the optical characteristics of laboratory paper sheets obtained by chemical deinking flotation were investigated. Another aim of the investigation is to provide insight into the quality of recycled fibres after the recycling process.
The research aims to find out the crucial factors in the design phase of packaging products, which are related to the determination of environmental influences on sustainable materials. The paper ...presents the results of research into the influence of environmentally friendly cardboard and the separation of yellow offset ink on the optical properties of prints exposed to thermal aging without and with exposure to NO2. The samples were obtained under real conditions on a Roland 705 printing machine. The colorimetric characteristics of the print and its stability were determined in the research. The research is significant for graphic reproduction in the domain of testing the quality of the print itself, which is defined by certain raster characteristics. The research covers prints in 100%, 70% RTV, 50% RTV, and 30% RTV. The intensity of the tonal experience will depend on the interaction of the substrate with the raster and different types of inks in offset printing as a function of the experimental conditions. The ink characteristics of prints ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆E were determined. The research results show that ink I1, with about 80% renewable raw materials, achieves the best stability under the specified experimental conditions.
The aim of this work was to determine the influence of the conventional offset printing technique and digital electrophotography printing with liquid toner (LEP) on some optical properties of ...recycled fibres. A series of LEP prints was made with the variation of the negative voltage of the developing drum (−200 V, −280 V, −350 V, and −430 V) after calibration of the machine and achieving standard densitometry values. Besides deinkability aspects, the quality of wastewater effluents after process of prints recycling was observed in order to make a conclusion regarding how different printing techniques, conditions in printing process, and different types of inks can affect the wastewater effluents. Results of image analysis showed that by increasing the negative voltage of developing drum in LEP printing technique, the formation of large ink particles on handsheet from recycled pulp increases. Depending on the size of the negative voltage of the developing drum, under the same experimental conditions, handsheets made from LEP recycled fibres have lower whiteness gain, brightness gain, and ΔERIC of handsheets compared to those made from the offset prints. In addition, a certain correlation was found between IEERIC (ink elimination), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) of wastewater effluents after recycling of LEP prints and offset prints as well. Organic water pollution parameters (COD and TOC) showed higher values in wastewater after recycling of offset prints compared to recycling of LEP prints.
The research aims to find out the crucial factors in the design phase of packaging products, which are related to the determination of environmental influences on sustainable materials. The paper ...presents the results of research into the influence of environmentally friendly cardboard and the separation of yellow offset ink on the optical properties of prints exposed to thermal aging without and with exposure to NOsub.2. The samples were obtained under real conditions on a Roland 705 printing machine. The colorimetric characteristics of the print and its stability were determined in the research. The research is significant for graphic reproduction in the domain of testing the quality of the print itself, which is defined by certain raster characteristics. The research covers prints in 100%, 70% RTV, 50% RTV, and 30% RTV. The intensity of the tonal experience will depend on the interaction of the substrate with the raster and different types of inks in offset printing as a function of the experimental conditions. The ink characteristics of prints ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆E were determined. The research results show that ink I1, with about 80% renewable raw materials, achieves the best stability under the specified experimental conditions.
U radu se opisuje kratka povijest, problematika, izgradnja i opremanje Laboratorija za ekologiju pri Grafičkom fakultetu (GRF-u) Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Posebno se diskutiraju razlozi osnivanja i ...namjena laboratorija u kontekstu istraživanja i edukacije. Oprema u laboratoriju je namijenjena najvećim dijelom istraživanjima u području reciklaže otisnutih grafičkih proizvoda od papira i kartona, praktičnom radu studenata i suradnji s privredom. U radu se prikazuju i opisuju uređaji specifični za tu primjenu. Osim toga predstavljaju se uređaji pomoću kojih je moguće pratiti promjene u području postojanosti različitih materijala. Diskutiraju se i prikazuju rezultati istraživanja: mehanizama kemijske i enzimatske deinking flotacije, utjecaj tehnika i uvjeta u konvencionalnom i digitalnom tisku na optičke karakteristike listova od recikliranih vlakanaca, kromatske karakteristike listova u funkciji novih formulacija modelnih i komercijalnih boja, karakteristike pulpe od otisaka na kartonu od algi iz Jadranskog mora, EDXRF metodom praćene koncentracije teških metala u produktima reciklaže otisaka: vlaknima, procesnoj vodi i pjeni, obrada procesne vode centrifugiranjem i koagulacijom s crvenim muljem i inovativne ekološki podobnije metode oporabe iskorištenih grafičkih papirnih proizvoda.
U radu se prikazuje kratka povijest, razlozi osnivanja i opremanja laboratorija za mjerenje kakvoće zraka i oborina u Republičkom hidrometeorološkom zavodu (RHMZ) u Zagrebu. Ta institucija početkom ...sedamdesetih godina donijela je odluku o osnivanju Sektora za meteorološka istraživanja, a jedan od ciljeva bio je praćenje kakvoće zraka i oborina te uspostava mreže stanica za sakupljanje uzoraka. U radu su opisane aktivnosti od početka pa približno do kraja sedamdesetih za vrijeme mog rada u toj instituciji. Izgradnja laboratorija započela je adaptacijom zapuštenih prostorija: Uvele su se prikladne električne, plinske i vodovodne instalacije te ventilacija, odabrani su aparati koji najbolje odgovaraju potrebama kemijske analize Lokacija stanica za sakupljanje uzoraka je trebala biti takova da na sastav uzorka ne utječu lokalni izvori emisije zagađivala, nego da uzorci registriraju samo promjene na širem regionalnom području (Lastovo,Puntijarka-Medvednica)). Podaci mjerenja trebali su poslužiti za međunarodnu razmjenu. U rezultatima istraživanja prikazuju se koncentracije zagađivala u zraku i oborini u funkciji meteoroloških čimbenika: vektorski srednjaci prizemnog vjetra, jačina vjetra, tipovi vremena (ciklona, bezgradijentsko polje zraka, dolina niskog tlaka, jugoistočno strujanje). Rezultati tih i drugih istraživanja objavljeni su u časopisima i prezentirani na znanstvenim skupovima. Prvi put je izrađena usporedna analiza zraka i oborina u Zagrebu u ovisnosti o meteorološkim parametrima, a projekt je sufinancirao Republički fond za naučni rad SR Hrvatske.
The directions of the ecological sustainability in printing reproduction are in the area of the application of the renewable and recycled raw materials, in the decrease of the energy consumption, the ...usage of the energy from the renewable sources and in the production without waste. This article presents the research results of voltage changes of the intermediate cylinder in indirect electrophotography with liquid toner on dirt count and area on handsheet made from fibers after prints pulping and flotation, brightness and effective residual ink concentration. Since on the indirect transfer of ElectroInk except the voltage of the intermediate cylinder also impacts temperature, its influence on the dirt count and area is showed. Uncoated and both side coated substrates were used for printing. The results show that changes in voltage of the intermediate cylinder in the printing affects the characteristics of pulped and floated fibers and dirt count and area on handsheets. Dominant factor of studied process is surface treatment of the printing substrate. Maximum efficiency of deinking flotation (87.7%) was observed on non coated paper print, at the voltage of the intermediate cylinder of 700V. The efficiency of deinking flotation on both sides coated paper prints in dependence on the voltage of the intermediate cylinder in most cases is below 10%. The results show that an increase in temperature of the intermediate cylinder increases dirt count and area on handsheetst after pulping prints under experimental conditions. Increased efficiency of flotation was found for print obtained at a lower temperature of the intermediate cylinder.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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