After challenging piglets with enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC),
l-tryptophan addition limits the decrease in feed intake and weight gain in ETEC-susceptible subjects. Here we verified ...whether the susceptibility to ETEC affects the requirement of tryptophan in piglets reared in optimal sanitary conditions and without
E. coli K88 challenge. The MUC4 gene was used as a marker to verify the susceptibility, to grouping 36 pigs after weaning, into homozygote for the negative and positive alleles (2 −/− and 2 +/+ pigs per litter). For 21
days pigs were fed using two different diets within each genotype per litter, varied for Trp to Lys ratio (17% or 22%, standardized ileal digestible basis — SID), by a supplementation of 0.5
g/kg
l-Trp. In the first week feed intake increased with Trp in MUC4
+/+ pigs
(P
<
0.05), but not in MUC4
−/−. Without Trp addition a trend of decreased feed intake was seen in MUC4
+/+ (
P
=
0.094). On average, for the two genotypes, Trp addition increased feed intake in the first week (
P
<
0.05). The higher Trp to Lys ratio increased average daily weight gain in the first week (
P
<
0.01) and in the whole trial (
P
<
0.05). Growth performance was not affected by the genotype for MUC4. The results were also validated by an in vitro test of adhesion of
E. coli K88 to the intestinal villi: we confirmed that there is a strong correlation between MUC4 genotype and the phenotype for the presence of ETEC receptor on the intestinal villi. Data confirm that a Trp to Lys ratio of 22% is necessary to maintain the body weight gain in the three weeks post-weaning. In the first week post-weaning pigs of the genotype MUC4
+/+ require more Trp than the MUC4
−/− pigs to maximize feed intake, when they are free from diseases and are kept in optimal sanitary conditions.
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To investigate the ability of bacilli of various species (Bacillus clausii, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus pumilus. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus sp.) and origins ...(probiotic and collection strains) to counteract the activity of some representative DNA-reactive agents. The inhibitory effect of 21 bacilli strains, previously characterized by tDNA-PCR, on four genotoxins, was examined in vitro using the short-term assay SOS-Chromotest. All strains had a high inhibitory activity against 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine (direct agents), whereas the inhibitory activity was high or moderate against 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo4,5-fquinoline and aflatoxin B1 (indirect agents). Antigenotoxicity was observed in vegetative cells, but not heat-treated cells or spore suspensions. The spectroscopic properties of compounds were modified after cell co-incubation and all the strains maintained high viability after exposure to the genotoxins. No relevant differences in antigenotoxicity were evidenced among strains of the examined species or between probiotic and collection strains. Although derived from an in vitro model, the results suggest that Bacillus-based probiotics could be useful for reducing the gastrointestinal risk originating from genotoxic agents.
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The ability of a yeast cell wall (YCW)- based product (SENTIGUARD C; Nutriad) to inhibit the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ac (ETEC) adhesion on the brush border of porcine intestinal villi was ...tested. The ETEC suspensions were preincubated with 2 batches of the product (A and B) at different concentrations (10, 5, and 0.5%, wt/vol) or with their filtrates (AF and BF) and then with intestinal villi susceptible to ETEC adhesion. In all the trials, ETEC suspensions were also preincubated with egg yolk (E) immunized against ETEC to assess the maximum inhibition of the adhesiveness or directly with the villi control group (Con) to verify the maximum adhesiveness of the pathogen. For each treatment, 20 different villi were observed, brush border measured, and the adherent pathogens counted. A scanning electron microscope analysis was used to confirm the ability of ETEC to adhere on the YCW. The E treatment significantly reduced the pathogen adhesion on the villi compared with the C group in all the trials (P < 0.001). Both batches of SENTIGUARD C significantly reduced the pathogen adhesion on the villi compared with the C group at the concentration of 10 and 5% (P < 0.001) but not at the concentration of 0.5%. The BF did not significantly reduce the ETEC adhesion whereas the AF significantly increased bacterial adhesion (P = 0.015). The microscopy results confirm the ability of ETEC to adhere on YCW. Taken together, our results indicate the ability of the SENTIGUARD C to contain the intestinal infection from ETEC in young pigs with the affinity of ETEC to YCW. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The present study estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the criteria established by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) and ...the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and analyzed the contribution of social factors in an adult urban population in the Southeastern region of Brazil. The sample plan was based on multistage probability sampling according to family head income and educational level. A random sample of 1116 subjects aged 30 to 79 years was studied. Participants answered a questionnaire about socio-demographic variables and medical history. Fasting capillary glucose (FCG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were determined and all non-diabetic subjects were submitted to the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), waist circumference and blood pressure (BP) were determined. Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of MS was 35.9 and 43.2% according to NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, respectively. Substantial agreement was found between NCEP-ATPIII and IDF definitions. Low HDL-C levels and high BP were the most prevalent MS components according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria (76.3 and 59.2%, respectively). Considering the diagnostic criteria adopted, 13.5% of the subjects had diabetes and 9.7% had FCG ≥100 mg/dL. MS prevalence was significantly associated with age, skin color, BMI, and educational level. This cross-sectional population-based study in the Southeastern region of Brazil indicates that MS is highly prevalent and associated with an important social indicator, i.e., educational level. This result suggests that in developing countries health policy planning to reduce the risk of MS, in particular, should consider improvement in education.
The production of the heavy pig for high quality processed products [Italy] Bosi, P. (Bologna Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare); Russo, V. (Bologna Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare)
Italian Journal of Animal Science/Italian journal of animal science,
2004, Volume:
3, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
To obtain high quality processed products, heavy pig production in Italy is subjected to rules fixed by several Consortia, on the basis of experience of producers and results from scientific ...research. Slaughter animals of at least 9 months of age and 160 kg live weight are required to provide heavy cuts with excellent meat. Breeds are limited to Italian Large White and Landrace, selected for specific parameters such as loss at first salting of the ham, and their crosses. Crosses with Duroc and hybrids can be used if obtained from selection and crossing schemes that fit the objectives of Italian selection. Backfat thickness must be "sufficient" to obtain retailed fresh hams with fat cover ranging from 20 to 30 mm, depending on ham weight, and the content of linoleic acid in ham fat cover cannot exceed 15;. Fat amount and quality in feeds should be carefully controlled to satisfy the quality of fat in the ham. The feeding level is also relevant, due to the imposed minimum age at slaughter. Feed restriction is a necessary practice to respect the rules for ham production. For castrate males of medium genetic value, the restriction should reduce fat deposition, but the diet composition can be adapted to maintain the maximum growth of protein. For strains with high potential lean deposition and particularly for gilts, protein deposition should also be limited to maintain a sufficient fat cover of ham
Per ottenere prodotti trasformati d'alta qualità, la produzione italiana del suino pesante é sottoposta a regole fissate dai Consorzi, sulla base dell'esperienza dei produttori e dei risultati della ricerca scientifica. Sono richiesti soggetti da macello di almeno 9 mesi di età e 160 kg di peso vivo, per fornire tagli pesanti con carni eccellenti. Sono permessi solo soggetti di razza Large White Italiana e Landrace Italiana, selezionati per parametri specifici, quale il calo di prima salatura del prosciutto, oppure provenienti dal loro incrocio. I prodotti d'incrocio con il Duroc e gli ibridi commerciali possono essere usati se ottenuti con schemi di selezione e incrocio che rientrino negli obiettivi della selezione italiana. Lo spessore del lardo deve essere "sufficiente" per ottenere prosciutti rifilati con una copertura adiposa nell'intervallo di 15 -30 mm, in funzione del peso del prosciutto, e il contenuto di acido linoleico nella copertura adiposa del prosciutto non deve essere superiore al 15%. La quantità e la qualità dei mangimi devono essere attentamente controllate per soddisfare la qualità del prosciutto. Il livello nutritivo scelto é ugualmente importante, vista l'imposizione di un'età minima alla macellazione. Una restrizione alimentare é una pratica necessaria per rispettare le regole per i prosciutti tipici. Per i maschi castrati di medio valore genetico, la restrizione deve essere calibrata per limitare la deposizione di grasso, mentre le caratteristiche della dieta debbono essere adeguate per mantenere la deposizione di proteine. Per i ceppi a elevato potenziale di crescita, soprattutto nel caso delle femmine, bisogna spesso limitare anche la deposizione di proteine per rispettare i vincoli di età e, nel contempo, mantenere una sufficiente copertura adiposa del prosciutto
Early weaning of piglets is often accompanied by a severe growth check and diarrhoea. It is well established that this process is multi-factorial and that post-weaning anorexia and undernutrition are ...major aetiological factors. Gastrointestinal disturbances include alterations in small intestine architecture and enzyme activities. Recent data indicate transiently-increased mucosal permeability, disturbed absorptive-secretory electrolyte balance and altered local inflammatory cytokine patterns after weaning. These responses appear to operate according to two distinct temporal patterns, an acute response followed by a long-lasting adaptation response. Pigs coexist with a diverse and dense commensal microbiota in their gastrointestinal tract. Most of these microbes are beneficial, providing necessary nutrients or protection against harmful pathogens for the host. The microbial colonisation of the porcine intestine begins at birth and follows a rapid succession during the neonatal and weaning period. Following the withdrawal of sow's milk the young piglets are highly susceptible to enteric diseases partly as a result of the altered balance between developing beneficial microbiota and the establishment of intestinal bacterial pathogens. The intestinal immune system of the newborn piglet is poorly developed at birth and undergoes a rapid period of expansion and specialisation that is not achieved before early (commercial) weaning. Here, new insights on the interactions between feed components, the commensal microbiota and the physiology and immunology of the host gastrointestinal tract are highlighted, and some novel dietary strategies are outlined that are focused on improving gut health. Prebiotics and probiotics are clear nutritional options, while convincing evidence is still lacking for other bioactive substances of vegetable origin.
An experiment was conducted to test whether free or fat-protected dietary calcium formate improves the growth and health of weanling pigs that may or may not be susceptible to intestinal adhesion of ...enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli (ETEC), when orally challenged with ETEC.
Sixty pigs, weaned at 21 days of age (day 0), were divided into three groups (20 pigs each), balanced for number, litter and live weight, and fed the same base diet but three different 30.5
g/kg supplementations: a control (CO—with dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulphate, lard and sepiolite); a free calcium formate (FF), with this additive, monosodium phosphate and lard; a fat-protected calcium formate (PF), with this additive and monosodium phosphate only. The final diets did not differ for total calcium and phosphorus content. The pigs, individually penned, were orally challenged with 1.5
ml of a 10
10
CFU
E. coli K88 suspension on day 2 and slaughtered on day 7 or 8.
Data were analysed using analysis of variance with a three-factor design, including diet, block, sensitivity of intestinal villus to ETEC adhesion, and first level interactions. The factor diet never interacted with the others.
Compared to the control diet, the formate supplementations improved growth (P<0.05), feed intake (P=0.062) and G:F (gain:feed) ratio (P=0.063). Both forms of formate addition reduced the faecal score (P=0.062), days of diarrhoea (P<0.05) and total
E. coli faecal excretion (P<0.05) but not
E. coli K88 faecal excretion, and increased villus height in the small intestine (P<0.05). The number of enterocytes and goblet cells in the ileum was not changed by formate supplementations. In saliva, total IgA activity tended to be reduced by acidifiers (P=0.067). The anti-K88 IgA in the saliva, the blood and the jejunum secretion, and the expression of the TNFα gene in the stomach and jejunum wall were not affected by the diet. The pH of the stomach, the duodenum and the ileum was not affected while the formate reduced the pH in the colon and the caecum.
Fat-protected calcium formate did not improve the results obtained with free formate supplementation.
Calcium formate has a growth-promoting effect in weanling pigs challenged with
E. coli K88, independently of their susceptibility to the intestinal adhesion of this strain. Its action seems to be more related to a general control of the total
E. coli rather than of
E. coli K88. At the same dietary concentration, no particular advantage comes from using the protected formate instead of the free additive.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 3 antibiotics used for pulmonary pathologies added in the feed of weaned pigs on growth performance, commensal microbiota, and immune response. ...At weaning, a total of 72 pigs were randomly assigned by BW and litter to 1 of the following diets: control (typical weaning diet), control + 400 mg of tilinicosin/ kg, control + 600 mg of amoxicillin/kg, and control + 300 mg of doxycycline/kg. Individually penned pigs were slaughtered after 3 wk (12 pigs/treatment) or 4 wk (6 pigs/treatment). During the fourth week, all pigs received the control diet to test the residual effect of the antimicrobial supplementation. The antibiotic supplementation increased growth and feed intake during the first week (P < 0.01) and over the first 3 wk combined (P < 0.05). Cain-to-feed ratio tended to improve during the first week (P = 0.076) by the antibiotics compared with the control. Among the antibiotic treatments, no difference was observed in ADG and feed intake, which were also unchanged by the diet in the fourth week. The fecal enterobacteria counts were increased by amoxicillin on d 14 and 21 (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and were decreased by tilmicosin (P < 0.001) compared with the control. Amoxicillin decreased lactic a(id bacteria (P < 0.01) counts compared with the control. The antibiotic supplementation tended to decrease total bacteria variability in the jejunum (Shannon index, P = 0.091) compared with the control. The antibiotic treatment decreased the mean total serum IgM concentration (P = 0.016) after 3 wk and did not change the mucosal histomorphometry of the small intestine. For tilmicosin, the observed positive action on piglet performance and feed intake can originate by the decreased costs of immune activation determined by the action on intestinal microbiota. For amoxicillin and doxycycline, the observation on intestinal and fecal microbiota seems to be not sufficient to explain their growth-promoting effect. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In the last decades, gut microbiota and its role in mammal host development and health have been increasingly investigated. Metabolites produced by gut microbiota can affect intestinal homeostasis ...and immune system maturity and activation, and in turn, they can influence the health and growth performance of livestock. Therefore, a better understanding of the functional metabolic capability of the gut microbiota would be appreciated by the scientific community. In this study, the Biolog.sup.TM Ecoplates technology was applied for studying the metabolic potential of the aerotolerant microbial community of pig fecal samples, evaluating the interference of different storage conditions and cell concentrations. The length of time for which a fecal sample maintained detectable and unchanged microbial metabolic activity was also investigated. Two assays aimed to evaluate differences in the metabolic activities between fresh and snap-frozen fecal samples at different dilutions and at different lengths of times of preservation at -80°C were carried out. The biodiversity and the predicted functionality of the entire bacterial community through a targeted metagenomic approach were also explored. The results highlighted that snap freezing of fecal samples preserved the metabolic activity of the microbial community when compared to fresh feces. Sample storage at -80 °C did not significantly affect the metabolic activity of the microbial community, which was stable for 150 days. Furthermore, the highest metabolic activity was detected with 1:2 to 1:5 dilutions of the stock suspension. Biolog.sup.TM Ecoplates technology is a rapid and useful method to explore microbial communities' metabolism in animal fecal samples contributing to investigate host animal physiology.
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CEKLJ, DOBA, EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Ingested nitrate is absorbed in the small intestine, recirculated into the saliva and reduced to nitrite by oral bacteria. In pigs receiving a moderate dietary addition of nitrate, the recirculation ...into the saliva is modest, so we aimed to assess the effect of higher nitrate doses to find out how the animal reacts to this new situation and to evaluate if a higher nitrate level could enhance the nitrate reduction process, improving the nitrite production Trial 1. Six piglets received 100 g of a commercial diet with 2.45% KNO₃. In relation to baseline values, nitrate in blood serum and saliva increased 15 times, and declined after 6 h vs. 2 h. Salivary nitrite increased seven times after the addition and declined after 6 h vs. 2 h. Trial 2. Six piglets were fed a diet with or without 1.22% KNO₃ for 2 weeks. Salivary nitrate and nitrite increased with the addition of KNO3: nitrate increased from d0 to the end of the trial, nitrite increased 15 times after 1 week, but decreased after 2 weeks to 4.5-fold the control. After 2 weeks, nitrate reduced Shan diversity index of salivary microbiota. The present results indicate that the long exposure to high quantities of nitrates impairs the oral reduction of nitrate to nitrite and engenders a reduction of the mouth's microbiota diversity.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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