The success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment has been impeded by various mechanisms of resistance. Besides the acquisition of resistance-conferring genetic mutations, reversible mechanisms ...that lead to drug tolerance have emerged. Plasticity in tumour cells drives their transformation towards a phenotypic state that no longer depends on the drug-targeted pathway. These drug-refractory cells constitute a pool of slow-cycling cells that can either regain drug sensitivity upon treatment discontinuation or acquire permanent resistance to therapy and drive relapse. In the past few years, cell plasticity has emerged as a mode of targeted therapy evasion in various cancers, ranging from prostate and lung adenocarcinoma to melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Our understanding of the mechanisms that control this phenotypic switch has also expanded, revealing the crucial role of reprogramming factors and chromatin remodelling. Further deciphering the molecular basis of tumour cell plasticity has the potential to contribute to new therapeutic strategies which, combined with existing anticancer treatments, could lead to deeper and longer-lasting clinical responses.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In cancer, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with tumour stemness, metastasis and resistance to therapy. It has recently been proposed that, rather than being a binary ...process, EMT occurs through distinct intermediate states. However, there is no direct in vivo evidence for this idea. Here we screen a large panel of cell surface markers in skin and mammary primary tumours, and identify the existence of multiple tumour subpopulations associated with different EMT stages: from epithelial to completely mesenchymal states, passing through intermediate hybrid states. Although all EMT subpopulations presented similar tumour-propagating cell capacity, they displayed differences in cellular plasticity, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Their transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes identify the underlying gene regulatory networks, transcription factors and signalling pathways that control these different EMT transition states. Finally, these tumour subpopulations are localized in different niches that differentially regulate EMT transition states.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been reported in various cancers, including in skin squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). The molecular mechanisms regulating tumour initiation and stemness are still poorly ...characterized. Here we find that Sox2, a transcription factor expressed in various types of embryonic and adult stem cells, was the most upregulated transcription factor in the CSCs of squamous skin tumours in mice. SOX2 is absent in normal epidermis but begins to be expressed in the vast majority of mouse and human pre-neoplastic skin tumours, and continues to be expressed in a heterogeneous manner in invasive mouse and human SCCs. In contrast to other SCCs, in which SOX2 is frequently genetically amplified, the expression of SOX2 in mouse and human skin SCCs is transcriptionally regulated. Conditional deletion of Sox2 in the mouse epidermis markedly decreases skin tumour formation after chemical-induced carcinogenesis. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter of Sox2 transcriptional expression (SOX2-GFP knock-in mice), we showed that SOX2-expressing cells in invasive SCC are greatly enriched in tumour-propagating cells, which further increase upon serial transplantations. Lineage ablation of SOX2-expressing cells within primary benign and malignant SCCs leads to tumour regression, consistent with the critical role of SOX2-expressing cells in tumour maintenance. Conditional Sox2 deletion in pre-existing skin papilloma and SCC leads to tumour regression and decreases the ability of cancer cells to be propagated upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice, supporting the essential role of SOX2 in regulating CSC functions. Transcriptional profiling of SOX2-GFP-expressing CSCs and of tumour epithelial cells upon Sox2 deletion uncovered a gene network regulated by SOX2 in primary tumour cells in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified several direct SOX2 target genes controlling tumour stemness, survival, proliferation, adhesion, invasion and paraneoplastic syndrome. We demonstrate that SOX2, by marking and regulating the functions of skin tumour-initiating cells and CSCs, establishes a continuum between tumour initiation and progression in primary skin tumours.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Despite the efficacy of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
, residual disease persists in some patients and may contribute to relapse when treatment is ...discontinued
. Here, to study the effect of the Smoothened inhibitor vismodegib on tumour clearance, we have used a Ptch1-Trp53 mouse model of BCC
and found that mice treated with vismodegib harbour quiescent residual tumours that regrow upon cessation of treatment. Profiling experiments revealed that residual BCCs initiate a transcriptional program that closely resembles that of stem cells of the interfollicular epidermis and isthmus, whereas untreated BCCs are more similar to the hair follicle bulge. This cell identity switch was enabled by a mostly permissive chromatin state accompanied by rapid Wnt pathway activation and reprogramming of super enhancers to drive activation of key transcription factors involved in cellular identity. Accordingly, treatment of BCC with both vismodegib and a Wnt pathway inhibitor reduced the residual tumour burden and enhanced differentiation. Our study identifies a resistance mechanism in which tumour cells evade treatment by adopting an alternative identity that does not rely on the original oncogenic driver for survival.
Tracking the origins of tumorigenesis Boumahdi, Soufiane; Blanpain, Cédric
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
01/2016, Volume:
351, Issue:
6272
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A zebrafish model allows visualization of embryonic reprogramming during melanoma initiation
Also see Research Article by
Kaufman
et al.
Cancer arises through mutations that transform normal cells ...into cells that proliferate in an uncontrolled manner, form a tumor, invade the underlying tissue, and then metastasize to distant organs (
1
). Although the genetic events required to induce tumor formation are relatively well known (
2
), the additional early downstream molecular events that are required to reprogram normal cells into cancer cells are still poorly understood. On page 464 of this issue, Kaufman
et al.
report the development of an elegant transgenic reporter system that allows the early steps of tumor initiation to be tracked in situ. They find that oncogene-expressing melanocytes are reprogrammed into neural crest–like progenitors before progressing into invasive tumors (
3
).
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
6.
CANCER. Tracking the origins of tumorigenesis Boumahdi, Soufiane; Blanpain, Cédric
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2016-Jan-29, 20160129, Volume:
351, Issue:
6272
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Full text
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Disruption of niche-confined expression of RSPO3 leads to refractory anemia and depletion of early B-cell progenitors.•Inefficient hematopoiesis associated with excessive RSPO3 stimulation uncovers ...potential challenges with the therapeutic use of RSPOs.
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Self-renewal and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells are tightly regulated to ensure tissue homeostasis. This regulation is enabled both remotely by systemic circulating cues, such as cytokines and hormones, and locally by various niche-confined factors. R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) is one of the most potent enhancers of Wnt signaling, and its expression is usually restricted to the stem cell niche where it provides localized enhancement of Wnt signaling to regulate stem cell expansion and differentiation. Disruption of this niche-confined expression can disturb proper tissue organization and lead to cancers. Here, we investigate the consequences of disrupting the niche-restricted expression of RSPO3 in various tissues, including the hematopoietic system. We show that normal Rspo3 expression is confined to the perivascular niche in the bone marrow. Induction of increased systemic levels of circulating RSPO3 outside of the niche results in prominent loss of early B-cell progenitors and anemia but surprisingly has no effect on hematopoietic stem cells. Using molecular, pharmacologic, and genetic approaches, we show that these RSPO3-induced hematopoietic phenotypes are Wnt and RSPO3 dependent and mediated through noncanonical Wnt signaling. Our study highlights a distinct role for a Wnt/RSPO3 signaling axis in the regulation of hematopoiesis, as well as possible challenges related to therapeutic use of RSPOs for regenerative medicine.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Le carcinome spinocellulaire (SCC) est le 2ème cancer de la peau le plus fréquent avec plus d’un million de nouveaux patients diagnostiqués dans le monde chaque année. On retrouve également des SCCs ...associés à un pronostic plus sombre au niveau de la tête, du cou, de la cavité orale et de l’œsophage. Des travaux récents ont démontré l’existence de cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs) dans les SCCs cutanés mais les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant leurs fonctions restent indéterminés. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré que Sox2, un facteur de transcription (TF) associé aux cellules souches, est détecté de manière hétérogène dans une grande majorité des papillomes et des SCCs chez la souris et chez l’humain. La délétion conditionnelle de Sox2 dans l’épiderme réduit drastiquement l’apparition de tumeurs démontrant le rôle clé de Sox2 dans l’initiation tumorale. En utilisant une souris génétiquement modifiée Sox2-GFP knock-in, nous avons démontré que les cellules tumorales Sox2+ sont enrichies en cellules propagatrices de tumeurs dont la proportion augmente au fur et à mesure des transplantations sériées. L’ablation des cellules Sox2+ dans les papillomes et les SCCs conduit à une importante régression des tumeurs, indiquant que ces cellules ont un rôle crucial dans le maintien des tumeurs. La délétion conditionnelle de Sox2 dans des papillomes et SCCs préexistants provoque également une régression majeure des tumeurs, soulignant le rôle essentiel de Sox2 dans la régulation des fonctions des cellules tumorales. Une analyse transcriptionnelle et des expériences d’immunoprécipitation de chromatine nous ont permis de mettre en évidence un réseau de gènes associés à des fonctions essentielles des cellules tumorales et régulés par Sox2 dans les tumeurs primaires in vivo. Dans une 2ème étude, nous avons montré que les SCCs issus de l’épiderme inter-folliculaire (IFE) présentent en général un caractère différencié alors que ceux issus du follicule pileux (HF) présentent fréquemment des caractéristiques de transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT). En réalisant une analyse transcriptionnelle et épigénétique, nous avons démontré que les différentes cellules à l’origine expriment un réseau de gènes spécifiques et présentent une accessibilité différentielle à des sites de liaison d’importants TFs associés soit à un phénotype épithélial soit à l’EMT. Ces résultats démontrent que l’état transcriptionnel et épigénétique de la cellule à l’origine amorce spécifiquement les tumeurs vers le processus d’EMT. L’ensemble de ces résultats souligne des mécanismes cruciaux à l’établissement de l’hétérogénéité tumorale et seront essentiels pour parvenir à des pronostics affinés et au développement de nouvelles thérapies ciblées dans le traitement du cancer.
Skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent skin cancer with more than a million new patients affected every year throughout the world. It is also the predominant cancer of the head, neck, oral cavity and esophagus, associated with a poor prognosis. Recent studies have identified cancer stem cells (CSCs) in skin SCC but the molecular mechanisms controlling their functions remain unclear. In a first study, we show that Sox2, a transcription factor (TF) associated with stemness, is expressed in a heterogeneous manner in the vast majority of benign and malignant skin tumors in mouse and human. Sox2 conditional deletion in the epidermis impairs tumor development showing that Sox2 plays a crucial role in tumor initiation. Using a Sox2-GFP knock-in mouse model, we show that Sox2-expressing tumor cells are greatly enriched in tumor-propagating cells, which further increase upon serial transplantations. Lineage ablation of Sox2-expressing cells in primary benign and malignant SCCs leads to tumor regression, consistent with the critical role of Sox2-expressing cells in tumor maintenance. Conditional Sox2 deletion in pre-existing skin papilloma and SCC leads to tumor regression, supporting the essential role of Sox2 in regulating cancer cells functions. Using transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we uncovered a gene network controlling many cancer hallmarks regulated by Sox2 in primary tumour cells in vivo.In a second study, by targeting the same oncogenic mutations to distinct skin compartments, we show that interfollicular epidermis (IFE)-derived SCCs are generally well-differentiated, while hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs)-derived SCCs frequently exhibit features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Using transcriptional and epigenetic profiling, we show that IFE and HF tumor-initiating cells harbor distinct chromatin landscapes and gene regulatory networks associated with tumorigenesis and EMT. These different chromatin landscapes correlate with the differential accessibility of key epithelial and EMT TFs binding sites in the cancer cell of origin. These findings demonstrate that cell type-specific chromatin and transcriptional states differentially prime tumours towards EMT.Altogether, these results highlight crucial mechanisms for the establishment of tumor heterogeneity which will be relevant for better prognostic assessment and the development of novel targeted therapies for cancer treatment.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
