As the prevalence of allergic disease dramatically rises worldwide, prevention strategies are increasingly being considered. Given the potential modulatory effect of nutritional factors on disease, ...altering maternal diet during pregnancy and/or lactation has been considered in preventing allergic disease in offspring. Although there are a number of observational studies that have examined possible associations between maternal diet and allergic outcomes in offspring, interventional trials are limited. Furthermore, there is a paucity of studies that have prospectively studied maternal dietary intake as well as measuring maternal and infant biologic samples (blood, urine, breast milk) and their relation to allergic outcomes in infants. There is also a particular need to define terminology such as ‘fruit and vegetables intake’, ‘healthy diet’, and ‘diet diversity’ in order to make studies comparable. In this review, we discuss current evidence of maternal dietary factors during pregnancy and/or lactation that may play a role in the offspring developing allergic disease, including factors such as overall dietary intake patterns, specific whole food consumption (fish, fruit and vegetables, and common allergic foods), and individual immunomodulatory nutrient intakes. Additionally, we discuss the limitations of previous studies and propose improvements to study design for future investigation.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Changes in glycosylation during tumour progression are a key hallmark of cancer. One of the glycan moieties generally overexpressed in cancer are sialic acids, which can induce immunomodulatory ...properties via binding to Siglec receptors. We here show that Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumour cells present an increased sialylation that can be recognized by Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on myeloid cells. We identified the expression of the α2,3 sialyltransferases ST3GAL1 and ST3GAL4 as main contributor to the synthesis of ligands for Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 in tumour cells. Analysing the myeloid composition in PDAC, using single cell and bulk transcriptomics data, we identified monocyte-derived macrophages as contributors to the poor clinical outcome. Tumour-derived sialic acids dictate monocyte to macrophage differentiation via signalling through Siglec-7 and Siglec-9. Moreover, triggering of Siglec-9 in macrophages reduce inflammatory programmes, while increasing PD-L1 and IL-10 expression, illustrating that sialic acids modulate different myeloid cells. This work highlights a critical role for sialylated glycans in controlling immune suppression and provides new potential targets for cancer immunotherapy in PDAC.
Craniofacial abnormalities account for approximately one third of birth defects. The regulatory programs that build the face require precisely controlled spatiotemporal gene expression, achieved ...through tissue-specific enhancers. Clusters of coactivated enhancers and their target genes, known as superenhancers, are important in determining cell identity but have been largely unexplored in development. In this study we identified superenhancer regions unique to human embryonic craniofacial tissue. To demonstrate the importance of such regions in craniofacial development and disease, we focused on an ~600 kb noncoding region located between NPVF and NFE2L3. We identified long range interactions with this region in both human and mouse embryonic craniofacial tissue with the anterior portion of the HOXA gene cluster. Mice lacking this superenhancer exhibit perinatal lethality, and present with highly penetrant skull defects and orofacial clefts phenocopying Hoxa2-/- mice. Moreover, we identified two cases of de novo copy number changes of the superenhancer in humans both with severe craniofacial abnormalities. This evidence suggests we have identified a critical noncoding locus control region that specifically regulates anterior HOXA genes and copy number changes are pathogenic in human patients.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen powder-dnfp (PTAH; previously known as AR101) is a daily oral immunotherapy approved to mitigate allergic reactions after accidental peanut exposure in ...peanut-allergic individuals aged 4-17 years.
We sought to comprehensively summarize the PTAH safety profile for up to ∼2 years of treatment.
Safety and adverse event (AE) data from participants aged 4-17 years from 3 controlled, phase 3 and 2 open-label extension trials were pooled and assessed.
Of the 944 individuals receiving ≥1 PTAH dose, median exposure was ∼49 weeks; most participants experienced ≥1 treatment-related AE (TRAE; n = 853; 90.4%). A total of 829 participants experienced TRAEs with a maximum severity of mild (497, 52.6%) or moderate (332, 35.2%); 24 participants (2.5%) experienced TRAEs graded as severe. Overall, 80 participants (9.5%) discontinued as a result of AEs; most experienced gastrointestinal symptoms and discontinued during the first 6 months. When adjusted for exposure, AEs and TRAEs occurred at a rate of 76.4 and 58.7 events per participant-year of exposure (PYE), respectively, during updosing; AEs and TRAEs decreased to 23.0 and 14.2, respectively, during 300 mg maintenance. Overall, exposure-adjusted rates of systemic allergic reactions were 0.12 events/PYE (mild), 0.11 events/PYE (moderate), and 0.01 events/PYE (severe anaphylaxis).
The safety profile of PTAH was consistent across trials, manageable, and improved over time. AEs were predominantly mild to moderate, and all grades declined in frequency with continued treatment. These data can be used to facilitate shared decision-making discussions with patients and families considering treatment with PTAH.
Display omitted
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this article, we examine how a cohort of urban youth born under China's one-child policy have developed flexible gender identities through their childrearing aspirations and educational and ...occupational narratives, choices, and trajectories between 1999 and 2014. Drawing on surveys of 406 respondents conducted in 1999, 2012-2013, and 2013-2014, and interviews of 48 of those respondents in 2011-2014, we argue that our female research participants were more able to produce flexible gender identities than their male counterparts, and that China's new market economy increasingly rewards youth who are flexible enough to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances, an approach more compatible with the flexible gender identities produced by young women than the more rigid gender identities produced by young men.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article draws on surveys (N = 406) and interviews (n = 48) of graduates of a middle school in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China, who were part of the first generation of children born under ...the one‐child policy that began along with China's economic reforms in 1979 and were between ages 25 and 30 when they were interviewed in 2011–14. We compared how they said they had been raised by their parents with how they hope to raise their own children. We found that, while their parents raised them with the disciplined study habits and high expectations children needed to become successful in the newly competitive education system of the 1990s, our interviewees had developed a new understanding of what it would take for children to become successful, upwardly mobile Chinese citizens in the 2010s, and emphasized freedom and the development and pursuit of individual interests, pointing towards a hybrid form of “soft” and “hard” individualism.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous organelles that transduce molecular and mechanical signals. Although the basic structure of the cilium and the cadre of genes that contribute to ciliary formation ...and function (the ciliome) are believed to be evolutionarily conserved, the presentation of ciliopathies with narrow, tissue-specific phenotypes and distinct molecular readouts suggests that an unappreciated heterogeneity exists within this organelle. Here, we provide a searchable transcriptomic resource for a curated primary ciliome, detailing various subgroups of differentially expressed genes within the ciliome that display tissue and temporal specificity. Genes within the differentially expressed ciliome exhibited a lower level of functional constraint across species, suggesting organism and cell-specific function adaptation. The biological relevance of ciliary heterogeneity was functionally validated by using Cas9 gene-editing to disrupt ciliary genes that displayed dynamic gene expression profiles during osteogenic differentiation of multipotent neural crest cells. Collectively, this novel primary cilia-focused resource will allow researchers to explore longstanding questions related to how tissue and cell-type specific functions and ciliary heterogeneity may contribute to the range of phenotypes associated with ciliopathies.
Transparent nanocrystalline Cu2O films (Eg = 2.6 eV) were electrodeposited from a dimethyl sulfoxide medium; these films exhibit interesting optical and photoelectrochemical properties, and can be ...converted to transparent CuO films.
Credentialism and Career Aspirations KIM, SUNG WON; BROWN, KARI-ELLE; FONG, VANESSA L.
Comparative education review,
05/2016, Volume:
60, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article explores how graduates of a junior high school in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China, chose their high school and college major subject of study and the extent to which their majors ...fit with their work trajectories. We found that most interviewees considered the likelihood of a major and degree leading to better job opportunities more important than how the major fit with their personal interests. However, the unpredictability of the market economy in China made it difficult to anticipate which majors would lead to more lucrative jobs, and many eventually found work that did not match their majors.
Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les diplômés d’une école secondaire de premier cycle à Dalian City, dans la province de Liaoning (en Chine), ont choisi leur domaine de spécialisation au lycée et à l’université, et dans quelle mesure cette spécialisation est en adéquation avec leurs aspirations professionnelles. Nous avons constaté que la plupart des personnes interrogées estiment que la probabilité qu’un domaine de spécialisation et un diplôme débouchant sur de meilleures opportunités d’emploi est plus importante que la manière dont le domaine de spécialisation correspond à leurs intérêts personnels. Néanmoins, en raison du manque de prévisibilité de l’économie de marché en Chine, il était difficile de prévoir quels domaines de spécialisation déboucheraient sur des emplois plus rémunérateurs, et bon nombre des personnes interrogées ont finalement décroché un emploi qui ne correspondait pas à leur domaine de spécialisation.
Este artículo explora cómo los graduados de una escuela media secundaria en la ciudad de Dalian, Provincia de Liaoning, China, eligen su especialización en materia de estudio en la secundaria y en la universidad y la medida en que sus especializaciones encajan con sus trayectorias laborales. Descubrimos que la mayoría de los entrevistados consideraban más importante la probabilidad de que una especialización o un título llevaran a mejores oportunidades de empleo que el modo en el que la especialización se ajustara a sus intereses personales. Sin embargo, el carácter imprevisible del mercado económico en China hizo difícil poder anticipar qué especializaciones llevarían a trabajos más lucrativos, y eventualmente muchos encontraron trabajos que no coincidían con sus especializaciones.
本文探讨了中国辽宁省大连市的初中毕业生如何选择他们的高中和大学主修专业，以及他们的所学专业与自己工作发展轨迹的匹配度。 我们发现，大多数受访者认为，通过适当的专业和学历获取更好工作机会远重要于专业与其个人兴趣的契合程度。 但是，由于中国市场经济具有不可预测性，因此，很难预测哪种专业将能够获得薪水更可观的工作，而且很多学生最后找到的工作与其所学专业并不匹配。
تستكشف هذه المقالة كيف اختار خريجو المدرسة الثانوية في مدينة داليان بمقاطعة لياونينغ بالصين موضوع التخصص في الدراسة بالمدارس والكليات الثانوية ومدى تناسب تخصصاتهم مع مسارات عملهم. حيث وجدنا أن معظم الذي التقينا بهم اعتبروا أن عنصر التخصص والدرجة العلمية التي يؤدي لعمل أفضل أكثر أهمية من كيفية تناسب التخصص مع مصالحهم الشخصية. ومع ذلك، فإن عدم القدرة على التنبؤ باقتصاد السوق في الصين جعل من الصعب توقع التخصصات التي تؤدي إلى فرص عمل أكثر ربحًا، وفي نهاية المطاف حصل كثيرون على وظائف لم تتوافق مع تخصصاتهم.
Авторы статьи исследуют, чем руководствуются выпускники средней школы в г. Далянь, провинция Ляонин, Китай, при выборе основного предмета специализации в старшей школе и вузе, а также насколько этот предмет совпадает с направлением их дальнейшей карьеры. Для большинства опрошенных вероятность того, что специализация и диплом об образовании обеспечат им лучшую работу, важнее соответствия специализации их личным интересам. Однако из-за непредсказуемости рыночной экономики Китая сложно определить, какие специализации гарантированно обеспечат доходную работу. В итоге многие люди работают не по специальности.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
