Efforts to enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) can be enabled through remote access to teaching and learning experiences that are normally reserved to in-person attendance. Utilizing a ...novel technique entitled the Surrogate Avatar Experience (SuAvE), remote learners can adopt agency as offered through volunteer in-person avatars that afford embodied learning experiences. This paper discusses the connection between learning objectives in electrochemical laboratory practice and the ways in which modulation, the agency of the in-class participant, can shift the focus of the embodied learning. When attending to the imparted skills for the remote learner, the prioritization of transferrable skills and ways in which electrochemical practice is evolving is further discussed.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Entrepreneurship activity varies significantly across cities. We use the novel data for 1,652 ecosystem actors across sixteen cities in nine developing and transition economies during 2018-2019 to ...examine the role that institutional context plays in facilitating the productive entrepreneurship and reducing the unproductive entrepreneurship. This study is the first to develop and test a model of multi-dimensional institutional arrangements in cities. It demonstrates that not just that institutions matter in shaping the entrepreneurship ecosystem in cities, but in particular those institutional arrangements enhancing the productive and reducing unproductive entrepreneurship. Our findings suggest that differences between normative, cognitive, and regulatory pillars are associated with variance in both types of entrepreneurship in cities. For the formation of productive and high-growth entrepreneurs, all three pillars of institutional arrangement matter. For unproductive entrepreneurship normative pillar of institutions and the role of civil society matter most. This study has theoretical and practical implications for entrepreneurship ecosystem policy in cities.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To examine the association of mid-life exposure to several psychiatric disorders with the development of late-life dementia.
A matched case-control study using Western Australian state-wide hospital ...inpatient, outpatient mental health and emergency records linked to death records. Incident dementia cases (2000-2009) aged 65 to 84 years were sex- and age-matched to an electoral roll control. Records as far back as 1970 were used to assess exposure to medical risk factors before age 65 years. Candidate psychiatric risk factors were required to be present at least 10 years before dementia onset to ensure direction of potential causality. Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression.
13, 568 dementia cases (median age 78.7 years, 43.4 % male) were matched to a control. Depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder and alcohol dependence were found to be significant and independent risk factors for late-life dementia after adjusting for diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and smoking risk factors. The effect of a history of depression, schizophrenia and alcohol dependency on dementia risk varied with age, being strongest for earlier onset late-life dementia and waning at older ages.
Severe depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and alcoholic dependency disorder treated by specialists in psychiatric facilities in mid-life are important risk factors for late-life dementia. These psychiatric conditions need to be considered in future studies of the risk and prevention of late-life dementia.
OBJECTIVE:Our objective was to investigate whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) influences neurodegeneration in a manner similar to Alzheimer disease (AD), by promoting brain β-amyloid (Aβ) or ...tau.
METHODS:We studied the cross-sectional associations of T2DM with cortical thickness, brain Aβ load, and CSF levels of Aβ and tau in a sample of people from the Alzheimerʼs Disease Neuroimaging Initiative with diagnoses of AD dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and normal cognition. All (n = 816) received MRI, and a subsample underwent brain amyloid imaging (n = 102) and CSF Aβ and tau measurements (n = 415). Analyses were performed across and within cognitive diagnostic strata.
RESULTS:There were 124 people with T2DM (mean age 75.5 years) and 692 without T2DM (mean age 74.1 years). After adjusting for age, sex, total intracranial volume, APO ε4 status, and cognitive diagnosis, T2DM was associated with lower bilateral frontal and parietal cortical thickness (mL) (β = −0.03, p = 0.01). T2DM was not associated with C Pittsburgh compound B standardized uptake value ratio (AU) in any brain region or with CSF Aβ42 levels (pg/mL). T2DM was associated with greater CSF total tau (pg/mL) (β = 16.06, p = 0.04) and phosphorylated tau (β = 5.84, p = 0.02). The association between T2DM and cortical thickness was attenuated by 15% by the inclusion of phosphorylated tau.
CONCLUSIONS:T2DM may promote neurodegeneration independent of AD dementia diagnosis, and its effect may be driven by tau phosphorylation. The mechanisms through which T2DM may promote tau phosphorylation deserve further study.
This article presents a structure-based modeling approach to optimize gas evolution at an electrolyte-flooded porous electrode. By providing hydrophobic islands as preferential nucleation sites on ...the surface of the electrode, it is possible to nucleate and grow bubbles outside of the pore space, facilitating their release into the electrolyte. Bubbles that grow at preferential nucleation sites act as a sink for dissolved gas produced in electrode reactions, effectively suctioning it from the electrolyte-filled pores. According to the model, high oversaturation is necessary to nucleate bubbles inside of the pores. The high oversaturation allows establishing large concentration gradients in the pores that drive a diffusion flux towards the preferential nucleation sites. This diffusion flux keeps the pores bubble-free, avoiding deactivation of the electrochemically active surface area of the electrode as well as mechanical stress that would otherwise lead to catalyst degradation. The transport regime of the dissolved gas, viz. diffusion control vs. transfer control at the liquid-gas interface, determines the bubble growth law.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Combining quantum‐mechanical simulations and synthesis tools allows the design of highly efficient CuCo/MoOx catalysts for the selective conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H2) into ethanol and higher ...alcohols, which are of eminent interest for the production of platform chemicals from non‐petroleum feedstocks. Density functional theory calculations coupled to microkinetic models identify mixed Cu–Co alloy sites, at Co‐enriched surfaces, as ideal for the selective production of long‐chain alcohols. Accordingly, a versatile synthesis route is developed based on metal nanoparticle exsolution from a molybdate precursor compound whose crystalline structure isomorphically accommodates Cu2+ and Co2+ cations in a wide range of compositions. As revealed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray nanospectroscopy and temperature‐resolved X‐ray diffraction, superior mixing of Cu and Co species promotes formation of CuCo alloy nanocrystals after activation, leading to two orders of magnitude higher yield to high alcohols than a benchmark CuCoCr catalyst. Substantiating simulations, the yield to high alcohols is maximized in parallel to the CuCo alloy contribution, for Co‐rich surface compositions, for which Cu phase segregation is prevented.
Coupling DFT simulations, microkinetic modeling and synthesis tools allowed the development of supported CuCo bimetallic nanoparticles as highly efficient catalysts for the selective conversion of synthesis gas (CO+H2) into ethanol and longer‐chain alcohols. As predicted by theory, maximizing the contribution from mixed Cu–Co sites, while preventing Cu phase segregation, results in superior yields to high alcohols.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Satellite imagery of night-time lights provided by the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), using the Operational Linescan System (OLS), has been used to estimate the spatial ...distribution of electricity consumption throughout Australia. For the period 1997 to 2002, there was very high correlation between state electricity consumption and night-time lights with an R
2
value of 0.9346 at the state and territory spatial resolution. To increase the accuracy at which electricity consumption can be estimated at greater spatial resolution, an Overglow Removal Model (ORM) was developed to overcome the overglow effect caused by the dispersion of light into surrounding areas. The ORM makes use of the relationship between light source strength and the overglow/dispersion distance from the light source. As electricity consumption statistics at a greater spatial resolution than the state or territory level are not publically available in Australia, population statistics at the statistical local area (SLA) were used to demonstrate the increased accuracy of the ORM at returning the overglow light to its source, and, in turn, the accuracy of measuring electricity consumption. The ORM enabled an estimation of the electricity consumption of SLAs, greater than 10 km
2
, with an R
2
value of 0.8732, which is a 25.4% increase in accuracy over untreated data before applying the ORM. The increase in accuracy of the location of the origin of night-time lights can enable better georeferencing of satellite imagery of night-time lights and greater accuracy in locating population centres and centres of economic development, and assist with electricity infrastructure planning in regions of the world where statistics are not readily available. The result of the ORM is a map of Australian electricity consumption, and an estimation of the regional electricity consumption for all SLAs greater than 10 km
2
in size is included.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
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•Dry reforming of methane on a Rh-doped pyrochlore is described using DFT methods.•Rh plays a key role in the rate limiting CHO dehydrogenation reaction step.•The (111) plane was ...found to be most energetically favorable for DRM reactions.•Computed species adsorption and DRM reaction behavior agree with experiments.•Modeled DRM and reverse water gas shift behavior matches experimental observations.
The conversion of methane into syngas is of growing importance given recent increases in methane production worldwide. Furthermore, using CO2 as the co-feed offers many environmental advantages. To this end, experimentalists have shown that Rh-substituted lanthanum zirconate pyrochlore (LRhZ) catalysts are active and stable at the high temperatures needed for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). To enable further improvements to these catalysts, the reaction mechanism for DRM on LRhZ catalysts was attained using density functional theory (DFT). Following the identification of favored reaction sites for all elementary reactions, reaction and activation energies were calculated and used to discern the primary reaction pathway. Simulations show that inclusion of Rh decreases activation barriers, including the barriers for the two rate limiting steps (CH2 oxygenation and CHO dehydrogenation), which makes the plane (111) catalytically active for DRM. The slow steps are on the CH4 dehydrogenation/oxygenation path, which agrees with experimental observations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, and a serious public health threat. V. cholerae serogroup O1 is responsible for the previous ...two cholera pandemics, in which classical and El Tor biotypes were dominant in the sixth and the current seventh pandemics, respectively. Cholera researchers continually face newly emerging and reemerging pathogenic clones carrying diverse combinations of phenotypic and genotypic properties, which significantly hampered control of the disease. To elucidate evolutionary mechanisms governing genetic diversity of pandemic V. cholerae, we compared the genome sequences of 23 V. cholerae strains isolated from a variety of sources over the past 98 years. The genome-based phylogeny revealed 12 distinct V. cholerae lineages, of which one comprises both O1 classical and El Tor biotypes. All seventh pandemic clones share nearly identical gene content. Using analogy to influenza virology, we define the transition from sixth to seventh pandemic strains as a "shift" between pathogenic clones belonging to the same O1 serogroup, but from significantly different phyletic lineages. In contrast, transition among clones during the present pandemic period is characterized as a "drift" between clones, differentiated mainly by varying composition of laterally transferred genomic islands, resulting in emergence of variants, exemplified by V. cholerae O139 and V. cholerae O1 El Tor hybrid clones. Based on the comparative genomics it is concluded that V. cholerae undergoes extensive genetic recombination via lateral gene transfer, and, therefore, genome assortment, not serogroup, should be used to define pathogenic V. cholerae clones.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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