The aim of this review was to compile recent evidence related to nanofilled resin composite materials regarding the properties and clinical performance. Special attention was given to mechanical ...properties, such as strength, hardness, abrasive wear, water sorption, and solubility. The clinical performance of nanocomposite materials compared with hybrid resin composites was also addressed in terms of retention and success rates, marginal adaptation, color match, and surface roughness. A search of English peer-reviewed dental literature (2003-2017) from PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted using the terms "nanocomposites" or "nanofilled resin composite" and "clinical evaluation." The list was screened, and 82 papers that were relevant to the objectives of this work were included in the review. Mechanical properties of nanocomposites are generally comparable to those of hybrid composites but higher than microfilled composites. Nanocomposites presented lower abrasive wear than hybrids but higher sorption values. Their clinical performance was comparable to that of hybrid composites.
Composites are increasing in popularity as restorative materials. This growing role indicates the necessity of studies on their clinical outcome. In this study, clinical studies published on the ...performance of posterior composite restorations were included except those of less than a 24‐month assessment period. Results of non‐vital, anterior or primary teeth and cervical single‐surface restorations were also excluded. Records about composite type, number of final recall restorations, failure/survival rate, assessment period and failure reasons were analysed for each decade. Overall survival/failure rates for studies in 1995–2005 were 89.41%/10.59% and for 2006–2016 were 86.87%/13.13%, respectively. In 1995–2005, the reasons for failure were secondary caries (29.47%) and composite fracture (28.84%) with low tooth fracture (3.45%) compared with reasons of failure in 2006–2016, which were secondary caries (25.68%), composite fracture (39.07%), and tooth fracture (23.76%). An increase in incidence of composite fracture, tooth fracture and need for endodontic treatment as failure reasons was noted in the latter decade in addition to a decrease in secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity, unsatisfactory marginal adaptation and wear. The overall rates of failure showed little difference, but the causes showed a notable change. This is believed to be a reflection of increased use of composites for larger restorations and possibly changes of material characteristics.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a highly filled flowable composite compared to a conventional paste‐type composite in direct ...posterior restorations after 36 months.
Methods
A total of 58 mid‐size to extensive posterior composite restorations were randomly placed in 32 patients, mean age of 43.9 years (range 25–76), using either a conventional composite Estelite Sigma Quick (Conventional) or a highly filled flowable composite G‐aenial Universal Flo with a two‐step self‐etch adhesive. The restorations were evaluated after placement (baseline) and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months according to the FDI criteria.
Results
At the 36‐month follow‐up, 42 restorations were evaluated in 21 patients. After 36 months, the difference between highly filled flowable and conventional restorations was not statistically significant with respect to all evaluation parameters (p < 0.05). No secondary caries was observed.
Conclusions
The highly filled flowable composite showed a comparable clinical effectiveness as the conventional paste composite in posterior restorations over 36 months.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of a silver diamine fluoride (SDF)/potassium iodide (KI) product (Riva Star) on the viability of intratubular bacteria.
Methods
Forty‐five ...dentine discs prepared from caries‐free maxillary premolars were randomly divided into nine groups. Group 1 (negative control) contained non‐infected sound dentine discs. The remaining discs were infected with Streptococcus mutans suspension and received dentine treatments as follows: Group 2 (positive control), discs were left untreated; Group 3 SDF/KI (Riva Star); Group 4 chlorhexidine (CHX); Group 5 CHX + SDF/KI; Group 6 Carisolv; Group 7 Carisolv + SDF/KI; Group 8 Papacarie, and Group 9 Papacarie + SDF/KI. The discs were then fractured into two halves, stained with fluorescent LIVE/DEAD stain and observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Results
SDF/KI exhibited a potent antibacterial effect, as represented by a significantly higher percentage of dead bacteria, in comparison with Carisolv and Papacarie (p < 0.05). The application of SDF/KI following Carisolv and Papacarie chemomechanical caries removel gels significantly reduced the viability of intra‐tubular bacteria in these groups.
Conclusions
The use of the silver diamine fluoride/potassium iodide product is effective in reducing the numbers of S. mutans in dentinal tubules infected with this organism.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this literature review is to explore the treatment methods for root caries in laboratory and clinical research in the last decade. A systematic search of publications in PubMed and Web of ...Science databases was performed. The timespan was limited to the last 10 years and English language. Further retrieval was conducted using the search terms of specific therapies or treatments. Eighty‐two articles were included in this systematic review and full texts were retrieved. Types of studies included laboratory studies and clinical trials. Therapeutic approaches for root caries without risk of pulp exposure can be categorized into non‐invasive and restorative treatment. Non‐invasive treatments which targeted different causative factors of root caries have been developed in the last decade. Accordingly, several artificial caries model systems have been proposed for the study of root caries in the laboratory. Carious tissue excavation techniques and restorative materials and procedures have been modified to improve the prognosis of invasive treatment. It is of importance to determine the most appropriate therapy for root caries and further clinical trials are needed to draw firm conclusions concerning the efficacy and consistency of the various treatment methods proposed.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Restorative materials have varying surface characteristics from natural tooth, which may affect oral‐bacterial surface attachment/growth. This study examined 48‐h Streptococcus mutans (Sm) ...or Actinomyces naeslundii (An) growth on various restorative materials and tooth surfaces.
Methods
The quantity and viability of 48‐hour‐old Sm and An growth on polished (180‐ or 1200‐grits), saliva‐coated resin composite (RC), glass ionomer cements (GIC), resin‐modified GIC (R‐GIC), GIC containing casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (3% (w/w), CPP‐ACP GIC), amalgam or tooth blocks (5 × 5 × 1 mm3) were examined.
Results
Rough‐polished (arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed surface roughness profile (Ra): 1.50–1.75 µm) material surfaces revealed relatively higher proportion of inorganic, positively charged surface components ((Si + Al)/C) and greater quantity of surface attached bacteria than smooth polished (Ra: 0.20–0.35 µm) material groups (P < 0.001). Less Sm and An were observed on tooth, and smooth polished GIC and CPP‐ACP GIC surfaces than on resin‐based materials (RC, R‐GIC) and amalgam (P ≤ 0.003). Viability of Sm was found to be lower on amalgam surfaces (P < 0.001), whereas that of An appeared lower on both amalgam surfaces and rough CPP‐ACP GIC surfaces (P ≤ 0.033).
Conclusion
Surface roughness exerted a pronounced effect on in vitro growth/attached Sm/An quantity but may not have an impact on bacteria viability. Interestingly, despite smoother surfaces of various materials tested, fewer Sm/An were observed attaching on tooth surfaces.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this review was to assess the methodologies used in previously published prospective randomized clinical trials on chemomechanical caries removal and to conduct a meta-analysis to quantify ...the differences in the excavation time between chemomechanical and conventional caries removal methods.
An electronic search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO host, and Cochrane Library databases. The following categories were excluded during the assessment process: non-English studies published before 2000, animal studies, review articles, laboratory studies, case reports, and nonrandomized or retrospective clinical trials. The methodologies of the selected clinical trials were assessed. Furthermore, the reviewed clinical trials were subjected to meta-analysis for quantifying the differences in excavation time between the chemomechanical and the conventional caries removal techniques.
Only 19 randomized clinical trials fit the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. None of the 19 reviewed trials completely fulfilled Delphi's ideal criteria for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials. The meta-analysis results revealed that the shortest mean excavation time was recorded for rotary caries excavation (2.99±0.001 minutes), followed by the enzyme-based chemomechanical caries removal method (6.36±0.08 minutes) and the the hand excavation method (atraumatic restorative technique; 6.98±0.17 minutes). The longest caries excavation time was recorded for the sodium hypochlorite-based chemomechanical caries removal method (8.12±0.02 minutes).
It was found that none of the current reviewed trials fulfilled all the ideal requirements of clinical trials. Furthermore, the current scientific evidence shows that the sodium hypochlorite-based (Carisolv) chemomechanical caries removal method was more time consuming when compared to the enzyme-based (Papacarie) chemomechanical and the conventional caries removal methods. Further prospective randomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the long-term follow-up of papain-treated permanent teeth are needed.
Background: Dentine matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may participate in the destruction of dentine following demineralization by bacterial acids. This study investigated the localization of MMPs in ...carious dentine.
Methods: Frozen sections of dentine caries were prepared without demineralization and immersed in monoclonal antibody against MMP‐2, ‐8, ‐9 and ‐20. The sections were labelled by IgG conjugated with gold colloidal particles, and observed under FE‐SEM. Labelling indexes (number of gold particles/μm2) of outer and inner carious dentine, respectively, with and without bacterial infection, were compared with that of normal dentine.
Results: MMP‐2 was distributed in both carious and normal dentine; the level of MMP‐2 showed no significant difference among the outer caries, inner caries, and normal dentine. The labelling indexes of MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 both significantly decreased at the inner carious dentine compared with the level of normal dentine, but intensified again at the outer caries region. The labelling index of MMP‐20 was the highest at normal dentine.
Conclusions: The localization of MMPs was visibly detected using immunogold labelling. The localization of MMP‐2 showed no significant difference among the three regions, while MMP‐8 and MMP‐9 showed significant reduction at the inner caries layer, and MMP‐20 reduced toward the outer caries.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
‘Adhesive’ restorative dentistry originated with the work of Buonocore in 1955 in bonding resin to etched enamel. Since then, adhesive materials and techniques have developed at a rapid rate. The ...first chemically adhesive material (zinc polycarboxylate cement) was marketed in the late 1960s, and glass‐ionomer cements and dentine bonding agents have since become available.
This review focuses on the latter two products. Glass‐ionomer cements have a particular role in adhesive dentistry because of their reliable chemical adhesion to enamel and dentine, and because of their apparent ability to promote the remineralization of ‘affected’ dentine. Dentine bonding agents have undergone marked changes in presentation over the last 15 years, but all have an essentially similar bonding system, that of hybrid layer formation. However, the most recent systems have limited clinical data supporting their use.
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BFBNIB, CMK, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
: Objective
To review the evidence regarding the mechanisms of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting caries.
Methods
A literature search was conducted using the keywords silver diamine ...fluoride, and its alternative names, in seven databases: PubMed, Embase and Scopus (English); China National Knowledge Infrastructure (Chinese); Bilioteca Virtual em Saude (Portuguese); Biblioteca Virtual en Salud Espana (Spanish); and Ichushi‐Web (Japanese). The titles and s were screened. Full texts were retrieved for publications that studied mechanisms of actions of SDF, including its effects on remineralisation of carious lesions and on cariogenic bacteria.
Results
A total of 1,123 publications were identified. Twenty‐nine articles were included and they investigated the effect of SDF on cariogenic bacteria and dental hard tissues. Eleven studies investigated the antibacterial properties of SDF. They found that SDF was bactericidal to cariogenic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans. It inhibited the growth of cariogenic biofilms on teeth. Twenty studies reported the remineralisation of demineralised enamel or dentine by SDF. They found that mineral loss of demineralised enamel and dentine was reduced after SDF treatment. A highly mineralised surface rich in calcium and phosphate was formed on arrested carious lesions. Four studies examined the effect of SDF on dentine collagen. They found that SDF inhibited collagenases (matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins) and protected dentine collagen from destruction.
Conclusion
SDF is a bactericidal agent and reduces the growth of cariogenic bacteria. It inhibits demineralisation and promotes the remineralisation of demineralised enamel and dentine. It also hampers degradation of the dentine collagen.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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