ABSTRACT
We use a three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics code to simulate growth and dissipation of Be star discs in systems where the binary orbit is misaligned with respect to the spin ...axis of the primary star. We investigate six different scenarios of varying orbital period and misalignment angle, feeding the disc at a constant rate for 100 orbital periods, and then letting the disc dissipate for 100 orbital periods. During the disc growth phase, we find that the binary companion tilts the disc away from its initial plane at the equator of the primary star before settling to a constant orientation after 40–50 orbital periods. While the mass-injection into the disc is ongoing, the tilting of the disc can cause material to reaccrete on to the primary star prematurely. Once disc dissipation begins, usually the disc precesses about the binary companion’s orbital axis with precession periods ranging from 20 to 50 orbital periods. In special cases, we detect phenomena of disc tearing, as well as Kozai–Lidov oscillations of the disc. These oscillations reach a maximum eccentricity of about 0.6, and a minimum inclination of about 20○ with respect to the binary’s orbit. We also find the disc material to have highly eccentric orbits beyond the transition radius, where the disc changes from being dominated by viscous forces, to heavily controlled by the companion star, in contrast to its nearly circular motion inwards of the transition radius. Finally, we offer predictions to how these changes will affect Be star observables.
Rapid rotation is a fundamental characteristic of classical Be stars and a crucial property allowing for the formation of their circumstellar disks. Past evolution in a mass and angular momentum ...transferring binary system offers a plausible solution to how Be stars attained their fast rotation. Although the subdwarf remnants of mass donors in such systems should exist in abundance, only a few have been confirmed due to tight observational constraints. An indirect method of detecting otherwise hidden companions is offered by their effect on the outer parts of Be star disks, which are expected to be disrupted or truncated. In the context of the infrared and radio continuum excess radiation originating in the disk, the disk truncation can be revealed by a turndown in the spectral energy distribution due to reduced radio flux levels. In this work, we search for signs of spectral turndown in a sample of 57 classical Be stars with radio data, which include new data for 23 stars and the longest-wavelength detections so far (λ 10 cm) for two stars. We confidently detect the turndown for all 26 stars with sufficient data coverage (20 of which are not known to have close binary companions). For the remaining 31 stars, the data are inconclusive as to whether the turndown is present or not. The analysis suggests that many if not all Be stars have close companions influencing their outer disks. If confirmed to be subdwarf companions, the mass transfer spin-up scenario might explain the existence of the vast majority of classical Be stars.
Be stars possess gaseous circumstellar disks that modify in many ways the spectrum of the central B star. Furthermore, they exhibit variability at several timescales and for a large number of ...observables. Putting the pieces together of this dynamical behavior is not an easy task and requires a detailed understanding of the physical processes that control the temporal evolution of the observables. There is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that Be disks are well described by standard alpha -disk theory. This paper is the first of a series that aims at studying the possibility of inferring several disk and stellar parameters through the follow-up of various observables. Here we study the temporal evolution of the disk density for different dynamical scenarios, including the disk buildup as a result of a long and steady mass injection from the star, the disk dissipation that occurs after mass injection is turned off, as well as scenarios in which active periods are followed by periods of quiescence. For those scenarios, we investigate the temporal evolution of continuum photometric observables using a three-dimensional non-LTE radiative transfer code. We show that light curves for different wavelengths are specific of a mass loss history, inclination angle, and alpha viscosity parameter. The diagnostic potential of those light curves is also discussed.
We present a three-dimensional non-LTE Monte Carlo radiative transfer code that we use to study the temperature and ionization structure of Keplerian disks around classical Be stars. The method we ...employ is largely similar to the Monte Carlo transition probability method developed by Lucy. Here we present a simplification of his method that avoids the use of the macroatom concept. Our investigations of the temperature structure of Be star disks show that the disk temperature behavior is a hybrid between the behavior of young stellar object (YSO) disks and hot star winds. The optically thick inner parts of Be star disks have temperatures that are similar to YSO disks, while the optically thin outer parts are like stellar winds. Thus, the temperature at the disk midplane initially drops, reaching a minimum at 3-5 stellar radii, after which it rises back to the optically thin radiative equilibrium temperature at large distances. On the other hand, the optically thin upper layers of the disk are approximately isothermal--a behavior that is analogous to the hot upper layers of YSO disks. Interestingly, unlike the case of YSO disks, we find that disk flaring has little effect on the temperature structure of Be star disks. We also find that the disks are fully ionized, as expected, but that there is an ionization minimum in the vicinity of the temperature minimum. The deficit of photoionization at this location makes it the most likely site for the low ionization state lines (e.g., Fe II) that produce the shell features observed in Be stars. Finally, we find that despite the complex temperature structure, the infrared excess is well approximated by an equivalent isothermal disk model whose temperature is about 60% of the stellar temperature. This is largely because at long wavelengths, the effective photosphere of the disk is located in its isothermal regions.
Context. Classical Be stars have been established as pulsating stars. Space-based photometric monitoring missions contributed significantly to that result. However, whether Be stars are just rapidly ...rotating SPB or beta Cep stars, or whether they have to be understood differently, remains debated in the view of their highly complex power spectra. Aims. Kepler data of three known Be stars are re-visited to establish their pulsational nature and assess the properties of additional, non-pulsational variations. The three program stars turned out to be one inactive Be star, one active, continuously outbursting Be star, and one Be star transiting from a non-outbursting into an outbursting phase, thus forming an excellent sample to distill properties of Be stars in the various phases of their life-cycle. Methods. The Kepler data was first cleaned from any long-term variability with Lomb-Scargle based pre-whitening. Then a Lomb-Scargle analysis of the remaining short-term variations was compared to a wavelet analysis of the cleaned data. This offers a new view on the variability, as it enables us to see the temporal evolution of the variability and phase relations between supposed beating phenomena, which are typically not visualized in a Lomb-Scargle analysis. Results. The short-term photometric variability of Be stars must be disentangled into a stellar and a circumstellar part. The stellar part is on the whole not different from what is seen in non-Be stars. However, some of the observed phenomena might be to be due to resonant mode coupling, a mechanism not typically considered for B-type stars. Short-term circumstellar variability comes in the form of either a group of relatively well-defined, short-lived frequencies during outbursts, which are called Stefl frequencies, and broad bumps in the power spectra, indicating aperiodic variability on a time scale similar to typical low-order g-mode pulsation frequencies, rather than true periodicity. Conclusions. From a stellar pulsation perspective, Be stars are rapidly rotating SPB stars, that is they pulsate in low order g-modes, even if the rapid rotation can project the observed frequencies into the traditional high-order p-mode regime above about 4c/d. However, when a circumstellar disk is present, Be star power spectra are complicated by both cyclic, or periodic, and aperiodic circumstellar phenomena, possibly even dominating the power spectrum.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
ABSTRACT
We build on our previous work involving smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations of Be stars, by using the model that exhibited disc tearing as input into the three-dimensional Monte Carlo ...radiative transfer code hdust to predict observables from a variety of viewing angles throughout the disc tearing process. We run one simulation at the start of each orbital period from 20 to 72 orbital periods, which covers two complete disc tearing events. The resulting trends in observables are found to be dependent on the relative position of the observer and the tearing disc. The H $\rm \alpha$ equivalent width, V magnitude, and polarization can all increase or decrease in any combination depending on the viewpoint of the observer. The H $\rm \alpha$ line profile also displays changes in strength and peak separation throughout the tearing process. We show how the outer disc of the torn system can have a large effect on the H $\rm \alpha$ line profile, and also contributes to a wavelength-dependent polarization position angle, resulting in a similar sawtooth shape to the polarization percentage. Finally, we compare our predictions to Pleione (28 Tau) where evidence has suggested that a disc tearing event has occurred in the past. We find that our tearing disc model can broadly match the trends seen in Pleione’s observables, as well as produce the two-component H $\rm \alpha$ lines observed in Pleione. This is the strongest evidence, thus far, of Pleione’s disc having indeed experienced a tearing event.
We investigate the continuum emission of viscous decretion discs around Be stars in this paper. The results obtained from non-LTE (local thermodynamic equilibrium) radiative transfer models show two ...regimes in the disc surface brightness profile: an inner optically thick region, which behaves as a pseudo-photosphere with a wavelength-dependent size, and an optically thin tenuous outer part, which contributes with about a third of the total flux. The isophotal shape of the surface brightness is well described by elliptical contours with an axial ratio b/a = cos...i for inclinations i < 75... Based on these properties, a semi-analytical model was developed to describe the continuum emission of gaseous discs. It provides fluxes and spectral slopes at the infrared within an accuracy of 10 and 5 per cent, respectively, when compared to the numerical results. The model indicates that the infrared spectral slope is mainly determined by both the density radial slope and the disc flaring exponent, being practically independent of disc inclination and base density. As a first application, the density structure of 15 Be stars was investigated, based on the infrared flux excess, and the results compared to previous determinations in the literature. Our results indicate that the decretion rates are in the range of 10...-10... M...yr..., which is at least two orders of magnitude smaller than the previous outflowing disc model predictions. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
The landscape of mathematical model‐based understanding of microbial food safety is wide and deep, covering interdisciplinary fields of food science, microbiology, physics, and engineering. With ...rapidly growing interest in such model‐based approaches that increasingly include more fundamental mechanisms of microbial processes, there is a need to build a general framework that steers this evolutionary process by synthesizing literature spread over many disciplines. The framework proposed here shows four interconnected, complementary levels of microbial food processes covering sub‐cellular scale, microbial population scale, food scale, and human population scale (risk). A continuum of completely mechanistic to completely empirical models, widely‐used and emerging, are integrated into the framework; well‐known predictive microbiology modeling being a part of this spectrum. The framework emphasizes fundamentals‐based approaches that should get enriched over time, such as the basic building blocks of microbial population scale processes (attachment, migration, growth, death/inactivation and communication) and of food processes (e.g., heat and moisture transfer). A spectrum of models are included, for example, microbial population modeling covers traditional predictive microbiology models to individual‐based models and cellular automata. The models are shown in sufficient quantitative detail to make obvious their coupling, or their integration over various levels. Guidelines to combine sub‐processes over various spatial and time scales into a complete interdisciplinary and multiphysics model (i.e., a system) are provided, covering microbial growth/inactivation/transport and physical processes such as fluid flow and heat transfer. As food safety becomes increasingly predictive at various scales, this synthesis should provide its roadmap. This big picture and framework should be futuristic in driving novel research and educational approaches.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We apply the viscous decretion disc (VDD) model to interpret the infrared disc continuum emission of 80 Be stars observed in different epochs. In this way, we determined 169 specific disc structures, ...namely their density scale, ..., and exponent, n. We found that the n values range mainly between 1.5 and 3.5, and ... varies between 10 super( -12) and 10 super( -10) g cm super( -3), with a peak close to the lower value. Our large sample also allowed us to firmly establish that the discs around early-type stars are denser than in late-type stars. Additionally, we estimated the disc mass decretion rates and found that they range between 10 super( -12) and 10 super( -9) M yr super( -1). These values are compatible with recent stellar evolution models of fast-rotating stars. One of the main findings of this work is a correlation between the ... and n values. In order to find out whether these relations can be traced back to the evolution of discs or have some other origin, we used the VDD model to calculate temporal sequences under different assumptions for the time profile of the disc mass injection. The results support the hypothesis that the observed distribution of disc properties is due to a common evolutionary path. In particular, our results suggest that the time-scale for disc growth, during which the disc is being actively fed by mass injection episodes, is shorter than the time-scale for disc dissipation, when the disc is no longer fed by the star and dissipates as a result of the viscous diffusion of the disc material. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)
Abstract We examine the evolution of the disk surrounding the Be star in the highly eccentric 10.8 yr binary system δ Scorpii over its three most recent periastron passages. V -band and B − V ...photometry, along with H α spectroscopy, are combined with a new set of extensive multiband polarimetry data to produce a detailed comparison of the disk's physical conditions during the time periods surrounding each closest approach of the secondary star. We use the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code HDUST and a smoothed particle hydrodynamics code to support our observations with models of disk evolution, discussing the behavior of the H α and He i 6678 Å lines, V -band magnitude, and polarization degree. We compare the characteristics of the disk immediately before each periastron passage to create a baseline for the unperturbed disk. We find that the extent of the H α emitting region increased between each periastron passage, and that transient asymmetries in the disk become more pronounced with each successive encounter. Asymmetries of the H α and He i 6678 Å lines in 2011 indicate that perturbations propagate inward through the disk near periastron. When the disk’s direction of orbit is opposite to that of the secondary, the parameters used in our models do not produce spiral density enhancements in the H α emitting region because the tidal interaction time is short due to the relative velocities of the disk particles with the secondary. The effects of the secondary star on the disk are short-lived and the disk shows independent evolution between each periastron event.
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