Observations of atmospheric ammonia are important in understanding and modelling the impact of ammonia on both human health and the natural environment. We present a detailed description of a robust ...retrieval algorithm that demonstrates the capabilities of utilizing Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) satellite observations to globally retrieval ammonia concentrations. Initial ammonia retrieval results using both simulated and real observations show that (i) CrIS is sensitive to ammonia in the boundary layer with peak vertical sensitivity typically around ~ 850–750 hPa (~ 1.5 to 2.5 km), which can dip down close to the surface (~ 900 hPa) under ideal conditions, (ii) it has a minimum detection limit of ~ 1 ppbv (peak profile value typically at the surface), and (iii) the information content can vary significantly with maximum values of ~ 1 degree-of-freedom for signal. Comparisons of the retrieval with simulated "true" profiles show a small positive retrieval bias of 6% with a standard deviation of ~ ± 20% (ranging from ± 12 to ± 30% over the vertical profile). Note that these uncertainty estimates are considered as lower bound values as no potential systematic errors are included in the simulations. The CrIS NH3 retrieval applied over the Central Valley in CA, USA, demonstrates that CrIS correlates well with the spatial variability of the boundary layer ammonia concentrations seen by the nearby Quantum Cascade-Laser (QCL) in situ surface and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) satellite observations as part of the DISCOVER-AQ campaign. The CrIS and TES ammonia observations show quantitatively similar retrieved boundary layer values that are often within the uncertainty of the two observations. Also demonstrated is CrIS's ability to capture the expected spatial distribution in the ammonia concentrations, from elevated values in the Central Valley from anthropogenic agriculture emissions, to much lower values in the unpolluted or clean surrounding mountainous regions. These initial results demonstrate the capabilities of the CrIS satellite to measure ammonia.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the most abundant carboxylic acids and a dominant source of atmospheric acidity. Recent work indicates a major gap in the HCOOH budget, with atmospheric concentrations ...much larger than expected from known sources. Here, we employ recent space-based observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer with the GEOS-Chem atmospheric model to better quantify the HCOOH source from biomass burning, and assess whether fire emissions can help close the large budget gap for this species. The space-based data reveal a severe model HCOOH underestimate most prominent over tropical burning regions, suggesting a major missing source of organic acids from fires. We develop an approach for inferring the fractional fire contribution to ambient HCOOH and find, based on measurements over Africa, that pyrogenic HCOOH:CO enhancement ratios are much higher than expected from direct emissions alone, revealing substantial secondary organic acid production in fire plumes. Current models strongly underestimate (by 10 ± 5 times) the total primary and secondary HCOOH source from African fires. If a 10-fold bias were to extend to fires in other regions, biomass burning could produce 14 Tg/a of HCOOH in the tropics or 16 Tg/a worldwide. However, even such an increase would only represent 15–20% of the total required HCOOH source, implying the existence of other larger missing sources.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The direct radiative effect (DRE) of aerosols, which is the instantaneous radiative impact of all atmospheric particles on the Earth's energy balance, is sometimes confused with the direct radiative ...forcing (DRF), which is the change in DRE from pre-industrial to present-day (not including climate feedbacks). In this study we couple a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with a radiative transfer model (RRTMG) to contrast these concepts. We estimate a global mean all-sky aerosol DRF of −0.36 Wm−2 and a DRE of −1.83 Wm−2 for 2010. Therefore, natural sources of aerosol (here including fire) affect the global energy balance over four times more than do present-day anthropogenic aerosols. If global anthropogenic emissions of aerosols and their precursors continue to decline as projected in recent scenarios due to effective pollution emission controls, the DRF will shrink (−0.22 Wm−2 for 2100). Secondary metrics, like DRE, that quantify temporal changes in both natural and anthropogenic aerosol burdens are therefore needed to quantify the total effect of aerosols on climate.
Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is an essential nutrient to plants and a limiting element for growth in many ecosystems, but it can have harmful effects on ecosystems when in excess. Satellite‐derived surface ...observations are used together with a dry deposition model to estimate the dry deposition flux of the most abundant short‐lived nitrogen species, NH3 and NO2, over North America during the 2013 warm season. These fluxes demonstrate that the NH3 contribution dominates over NO2 for most regions (comprising ~85% of their sum in Canada and ~65% in the U.S.), with some regional exceptions (e.g. Alberta and northeastern U.S.). Nationwide, ~51 t of N from these species were dry deposited in the U.S., approximately double the ~28 t in Canada over this period. Forest fires are shown to be the major contributor of dry deposition of Nr from NH3 in northern latitudes, leading to deposition fluxes 2–3 times greater than from expected amounts without fires.
Key Points
First use of satellite observations to estimate the dry deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from ammonia (NH3)
Satellite estimates of NH3 and NO2 dry deposition indicate that the NH3 dominates over most regions across the North America during the 2013 warm season
Locations at northern latitudes affected by forest fires tend to have 2–3 times more dry deposition of ammonia relative to the local background
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ammonia (NH3) has significant impacts on biodiversity, eutrophication, and acidification. Widespread uncertainty in the magnitude and seasonality of NH3 emissions hinders efforts to address these ...issues. In this work, we constrain U.S. NH3 sources using observations from the TES satellite instrument with the GEOS‐Chem model and its adjoint. The inversion framework is first validated using simulated observations. We then assimilate TES observations for April, July, and October of 2006 through 2009. The adjoint‐based inversion allows emissions to be adjusted heterogeneously; they are found to increase in California throughout the year, increase in different regions of the West depending upon season, and exhibit smaller increases and occasional decreases in the Eastern U.S. Evaluations of the inversion using independent surface measurements show reduced model underestimates of surface NH3 and wet deposited NHx in April and October; however, the constrained simulation in July leads to overestimates of these quantities, while TES observations are still under predicted. Modeled sulfate and nitrate aerosols concentrations do not change significantly, and persistent nitrate overestimation is noted, consistent with previous studies. Overall, while satellite‐based constraints on NH3 emissions improve model simulations in several aspects, additional assessment at higher horizontal resolution of spatial sampling bias, nitric acid formation, and diurnal variability and bi‐directionality of NH3 sources may be necessary to enhance year‐round model performance across the full range of gas and aerosol evaluations.
Key PointsInverse modeling with TES satellite data helps constrain ammonia emissionsImprovements beyond NH3 sources are needed for better ammonium aerosol modelingNH3 emissions may be broadly underestimated throughout the U.S
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Presently only limited sets of tropospheric ammonia (NH3) measurements in the Earth's atmosphere have been reported from satellite and surface station measurements, despite the well-documented ...negative impact of NH3 on the environment and human health. Presented here is a detailed description of the satellite retrieval strategy and analysis for the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) using simulations and measurements. These results show that: (i) the level of detectability for a representative boundary layer TES NH3 mixing ratio value is ~0.4 ppbv, which typically corresponds to a profile that contains a maximum level value of ~1 ppbv; (ii) TES NH3 retrievals generally provide at most one degree of freedom for signal (DOFS), with peak sensitivity between 700 and 900 mbar; (iii) TES NH3 retrievals show significant spatial and seasonal variability of NH3 globally; (iv) initial comparisons of TES observations with GEOS-CHEM estimates show TES values being higher overall. Important differences and similarities between modeled and observed seasonal and spatial trends are noted, with discrepancies indicating areas where the timing and magnitude of modeled NH3 emissions from agricultural sources, and to lesser extent biomass burning sources, need further study.
Modern data assimilation algorithms depend on accurate infrared spectroscopy in order to make use of the information related to temperature, water vapor (H2O), and other trace gases provided by ...satellite observations. Reducing the uncertainties in our knowledge of spectroscopic line parameters and continuum absorption is thus important to improve the application of satellite data to weather forecasting. Here we present the results of a rigorous validation of spectroscopic updates to an advanced radiative transfer model, the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM), against a global dataset of 120 near-nadir, over-ocean, nighttime spectra from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). We compare calculations from the latest version of LBLRTM (v12.1) to those from a previous version (v9.4+) to determine the impact of spectroscopic updates to the model on spectral residuals as well as retrieved temperature and H2O profiles. We show that the spectroscopy in the CO2 ν2 and ν3 bands is significantly improved in LBLRTM v12.1 relative to v9.4+, and that these spectroscopic updates lead to mean changes of ~0.5 K in the retrieved vertical temperature profiles between the surface and 10 hPa, with the sign of the change and the variability among cases depending on altitude. We also find that temperature retrievals using each of these two CO2 bands are remarkably consistent in LBLRTM v12.1, potentially allowing these bands to be used to retrieve atmospheric temperature simultaneously. The updated H2O spectroscopy in LBLRTM v12.1 substantially improves the a posteriori residuals in the P-branch of the H2O ν2 band, while the improvements in the R-branch are more modest. The H2O amounts retrieved with LBLRTM v12.1 are on average 14% lower between 100 and 200 hPa, 42% higher near 562 hPa, and 31% higher near the surface compared to the amounts retrieved with v9.4+ due to a combination of the different retrieved temperature profiles and the updated H2O spectroscopy. We also find that the use of a fixed ratio of HDO to H2O in LBLRTM may be responsible for a significant fraction of the remaining bias in the P-branch relative to the R-branch of the H2O ν2 band. There were no changes to O3 spectroscopy between the two model versions, and so both versions give positive a posteriori residuals of ~ 0.3 K in the R-branch of the O3 ν3 band. While the updates to the H2O self-continuum employed by LBLRTM v12.1 have clearly improved the match with observations near the CO2 ν3 band head, we find that these updates have significantly degraded the match with observations in the fundamental band of CO. Finally, significant systematic a posteriori residuals remain in the ν4 band of CH4, but the magnitude of the positive bias in the retrieved mixing ratios is reduced in LBLRTM v12.1, suggesting that the updated spectroscopy could improve retrievals of CH4 from satellite observations.
Despite its clear importance, the monitoring of atmospheric ammonia,
including its sources, sinks, and links to the greater nitrogen cycle,
remains limited. Satellite data are helping to fill the gap ...in monitoring
from sporadic conventional ground- and aircraft-based observations to better
inform policymakers and assess the impact of any ammonia-related policies.
Presented is a description and survey that demonstrate the capabilities of
the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) ammonia product for monitoring, air quality forecast model
evaluation, dry deposition estimates, and emission estimates from an
agricultural hotspot. For model evaluation, while there is a general
agreement in the spatial allocation of known major agricultural ammonia
hotspots across North America, the satellite observations show some high-latitude regions during peak forest
fire activity often have ammonia concentrations approaching those in
agricultural hotspots. The CrIS annual ammonia dry depositions in Canada
(excluding the territories) and the US have average and annual variability
values of ∼0.8±0.08 and
∼1.23±0.09 Tg N yr−1, respectively. These
satellite-derived dry depositions of reactive nitrogen from NH3 with NO2 show an annual ratio of NH3 compared to their sum (NH3+NO2) of ∼82 % and ∼55 % in Canada and the US, respectively. Furthermore, we show the use of CrIS satellite
observations to estimate annual and seasonal emissions near Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada, a region dominated by high-emission
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs); the satellite annual
emission estimate of 37.1±6.3 kt yr−1 is at least double the value
reported in current bottom-up emission inventories for this region.
We employ new global space-based measurements of atmospheric methanol from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to quantify ...terrestrial emissions of methanol to the atmosphere. Biogenic methanol emissions in the model are based on version 2.1 of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1), using leaf area data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological fields. We first carry out a pseudo observation test to validate the overall approach, and find that the TES sampling density is sufficient to accurately quantify regional- to continental-scale methanol emissions using this method. A global inversion of two years of TES data yields an optimized annual global surface flux of 122 Tg yr
(including biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic sources), an increase of 60 % from the a priori global flux of 76 Tg yr
. Global terrestrial methanol emissions are thus nearly 25 % those of isoprene (~540 Tg yr
), and are comparable to the combined emissions of all anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (~100-200 Tg yr
). Our a posteriori terrestrial methanol source leads to a strong improvement of the simulation relative to an ensemble of airborne observations, and corroborates two other recent top-down estimates (114-120 Tg yr
) derived using in situ and space-based measurements. Inversions testing the sensitivity of optimized fluxes to model errors in OH, dry deposition, and oceanic uptake of methanol, as well as to the assumed a priori constraint, lead to global fluxes ranging from 118 to 126 Tg yr
. The TES data imply a relatively modest revision of model emissions over most of the tropics, but a significant upward revision in midlatitudes, particularly over Europe and North America. We interpret the inversion results in terms of specific source types using the methanol : CO correlations measured by TES, and find that biogenic emissions are overestimated relative to biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions in central Africa and southeastern China, while they are underestimated in regions such as Brazil and the US. Based on our optimized emissions, methanol accounts for > 25 % of the photochemical source of CO and HCHO over many parts of the northern extratropics during springtime, and contributes ~6 % of the global secondary source of those compounds annually.
Air-broadened half-widths of the 22- and 183-GHz water-vapor lines and associated uncertainties have been determined using comparisons between ground-based radiometric measurements from Atmospheric ...Radiation Measurement sites in Oklahoma and Alaska, and MonoRTM, a radiative transfer model. Values of the widths obtained using the measurements are 0.0900 cm -1 /atm with 1.6% uncertainty for the 22-GHz line and 0.0992 cm -1 /atm with 2.4% uncertainty for the 183-GHz line. Also presented are spectroscopic parameters for these lines from new calculations performed using the complex implementation of the Robert-Bonamy theory (CRB). The CRB values of the air-broadened widths are 0.0913 cm -1 /atm with 3% uncertainty and a temperature exponent of 0.755 for the 22-GHz line and 0.0997 cm -1 /atm with 3% uncertainty and a temperature exponent of 0.769 for the 183-GHz line. The values for the air-broadened half-widths derived from the measurement/model comparisons show good agreement with the new CRB calculations. For future versions of MonoRTM, width values of 0.0900 and 0.0997 cm -1 /atm are to be adopted with temperature dependences of 0.76 and 0.77 for the 22- and 183-GHz lines, respectively.
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