We are living an extraordinary season of uncertainty and danger, which is caused by SARS-Cov-2 infection and consequent COVID-19 infection. This preliminary study comes from both a mix of ...entrepreneurial experience and scientific research. It is aimed by the exigency to reach a new and more effective analysis of the risks on the filed and to reduce them inside a necessary cooperation process which may regard both research and some of the economic activities which are damaged by passive protection measures such as indiscriminate lockdowns. This global emergency requires specific efforts by any discipline that regards specific problems which need to be solved urgently. The characteristic airborne diffusion patterns of COVID-19 shows that the airborne presence of viruses depends on multiple factors which include the dimension of microdroplets emitted by a contagious person, the atmospheric temperature and humidity, the presence of atmospheric particulate and pollution, which may act as a transport vehicle for the virus. The pandemic diffusion shows a particular correlation with the air quality and levels of atmospheric pollution. Specific problems need to solved to understand better the virus, its reliability, diffusion, replication, how it attacks the persons and the conditions, which drives to both positive and deadly evolution of the illness. Most of these problems may benefit from the contribution from both heat and mass transfer and the unsteady thermodynamics of living systems which evolves according to constructal law. After the bibliographic research on the virus, emissive and spread modes, and consequent today adopted protection, a detailed analysis of the contributions which may be assessed by research in thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, technical and chemical physics. Some possible areas of research have been identified and discussed to start an effective mobilization which may support the effort of the research toward a significant reduction of the impacts of the pandemic infection and the economic risks of new generalized lockdowns.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
These notes aim to increase the awareness of the concept of Bejan Number among the readers of International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. They refer to the paper of Zimparov et al. ...because the authors, in their outstanding commentary on Bejan number neglect both the possible confusion which may arise between Hagen Number and Bejan number and the more recent outcomes which opens a new direction for future research.
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•Innovative heat pump by coupled solar heating and Peltier cells.•Dimensioning of the thermoelectric heat pump in the case of a dual containers house system.•Energy efficient building design coupling ...constructal law and Industry 4.0.
This paper studies an innovative heat pump that couples both solar and thermoelectric contributions and evaluates its implementation in an energy-efficient container house for civil inhabitation. The strong point of the proposed design is that it can be personalized according to the specific needs of the building. The building and the air conditioning system has been evaluated according to the first and second law of thermodynamics. In particular, different options have been considered by a holistic method that aims to produce arbitrary system configurations such as Industry 4.0 Digital Twin and constructal law based design. The building system has been studied by considering the climatic data in the location of Bologna (Italy). The solar contribution has been analysed monthly. The solar gains by transparent elements have been estimated. The resulting configuration produces the design of an innovative building. It benefits from three qualifying elements. Sandwich walls include high-efficiency Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP) for minimizing heat dispersions. The evaluation of seasonal shading has allowed optimizing smart windows. An innovative cogeneration heat pump couples solar energy and heating–cooling by mean of thermoelectric effect with heat recovery from photovoltaic systems. The acclimatization is realized by Peltier cells and heat recovery (during winter) from photovoltaic modules. A complete analysis and dimensioning of the building and heat pump is provided, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Experimental investigation of the parameters of the internal microclimate and particle concentrations (TPS).•Produced pollution by Unburnt Candles or incense.•The survey for monitoring of ...temperature and humidity and microclimate indoor.•Monitoring and identify the most critical situations for the protection and conservation in situ of the sacred art works normally exposed.•Comparison of the values with the reference limits parameters, to suggested UNI 10829/99.
The present work concerns the study of the concentration of Total Suspended Powders (TSP) mainly from uncombusted residues of smoke candles or incense. The aim is identifying the most critical situations for the preservation and conservation in situ of works of sacred art, normally exposed to the veneration of the faithful. These peculiar types of works of art cannot be placed out of context. This because the artifact is an object of worship for many years, it is often object to physical contati by the faithful, subjected to frequent expositions and microclimate changes. Also it suffers an intensive smoking derived from incense and votive candles. The experimental analysis carried out by the authors concerned the monitoring of TSP in the niche of the SS. Crucifix in the Church of St. Papino in Milazzo (ME). The niche, as well as the wooden statue of the Crucified contained, includes a great variety of objects of different nature: bone relics, scrolls, tapestries, precious votive offerings. At present all this precious material is been pouring in clear degradation. The monitoring of TSP was performed using a particle counter and a extractor plug with a collection filter for the gravimetric test. Tools have provided quantitative data of the number of particles per unit volume and the value of particles mass per unit volume, respectively. Then it was possible to determine a correlation marker between the two different instrumental control methods. Scanning electronic microscope analysis, applied to the samples collected, also provided detailed indication on the nature of various inorganic components stored on filters. The research results will lead to the definition of new screening equipment useful for particulate matter filtering or suppression, specifically in churches. These devices can be validated by subsequent and more detailed monitoring surveys.
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The hygrothermal comfort indoor conditions are defined as: those environmental conditions in which an individual exposed, expresses a state of satisfaction. These conditions cannot always be achieved ...anywhere in an optimal way and economically; in some cases they can be obtained only in work environments specific areas. This could be explained because of air conditioning systems designing is generally performed both on the basis of the fundamental parameters' average values, such as temperature, velocity and relative humidity (T
a
, v
a
e φ
a
) and derived parameters such as operating temperature and mean radiant one (T
op
eT
mr
). However, in some specific cases-large open-spaces or in case of radiating surfaces-the descriptors defining indoor comfort conditions, based on average values, do not provide the optimum values required during the air conditioning systems design phase. This is largely due to the variability of real environmental parameters values compared to the average ones taken as input in the calculation. The results obtained in previous scientific papers on the thermal comfort have been the driving element of this work. It offers a simple, original and clever way of thinking about the new domotic systems for air conditioning, based on the "local mean radiant temperature." This is a very important parameter when one wants to analyze comfort in environments characterized by the presence of radiating surfaces, as will be seen hereinafter. In order to take into account the effects of radiative exchanges in the open-space workplace, where any occupant may find themselves in different temperature and humidity conditions, this paper proposes an action on the domotic climate control, with ducts and vents air distribution placed in different zones.
Comparisons were performed between the parameters values representing the punctual thermal comfort, with the Predicted Mean Vote PMV, in an environment marked by radiating surfaces (i.e continuous glass) and calculated with the local radiant temperature suggested in previous works, with the corresponding values obtained always varying the air speed or the air temperature inflated from the air vents, in order to achieve the optimal comfort conditions.
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