Functional connectivity and effective connectivity of the human brain, representing statistical dependence and directed information flow between cortical regions, significantly contribute to the ...study of the intrinsic brain network and its functional mechanism. Many recent studies on electroencephalography (EEG) have been focusing on modeling and estimating brain connectivity due to increasing evidence that it can help better understand various brain neurological conditions. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive updated review on studies of EEG‐based brain connectivity, particularly on visualization options and associated machine learning applications, aiming to translate those techniques into useful clinical tools. This article reviews EEG‐based functional and effective connectivity studies undertaken over the last few years, in terms of estimation, visualization, and applications associated with machine learning classifiers. Methods are explored and discussed from various dimensions, such as either linear or nonlinear, parametric or nonparametric, time‐based, and frequency‐based or time‐frequency‐based. Then it is followed by a novel review of brain connectivity visualization methods, grouped by Heat Map, data statistics, and Head Map, aiming to explore the variation of connectivity across different brain regions. Finally, the current challenges of related research and a roadmap for future related research are presented.
This article reviews EEG‐based functional and effective connectivity studies undertaken over the last few years, in terms of estimation, visualization, and applications associated with machine learning classifiers. Methods are explored and discussed from various dimensions, such as either linear or nonlinear, parametric, or nonparametric, time‐based, frequency‐based or time‐frequency‐based. Then it is followed by a novel review of brain connectivity visualization methods, grouped by Heat Map, data statistics and Head Map, aiming to explore the variation of connectivity across different brain regions. Finally, the current challenges of related research and a roadmap for future related research are presented.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The tumor-related myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), important immunosuppressive cells in tumor microenvironment, play an important role in the cancer progression. This study is aimed to ...investigate the crosstalk between MDSCs and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and their role in the malignant progression of OSCC.
Immunochemistry (IHC) was used to investigate the expression of CD33 in 200 OSCC, 36 premalignant. CD33+ MDSCs were sorted and enriched via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) from OSCC patients or health donor, and their phenotypes were identified by flow cytometry. With a co-culture system of MDSCs and OSCC, the effects of MDSCs on OSCC proliferation, apoptosis, migration invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and vasculogenic mimicry formation (VM) formation were assessed, respectively. Besides, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from health donor were cultured with OSCC supernatant, the level of MDSCs and expressions of Arginase (Arg-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured.
The number of MDSCs was increased in tumor tissues of OSCC patients, and was positively related to the T stage, pathological grade, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Tumor-related MDSCs of the co-culture system promoted OSCC progression by contributing to cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as inducing EMT and VM. In turn, OSCC cells had potential to induce MDSCs differentiation from PBMCs and increase the expression of Arg-1 and iNOS.
These indicated that the crosstalk between MDSCs and tumor cells facilitated the malignant progression of OSCC cells and the immune suppressive properties of MDSCs, which may provide new insights into tumor treatment on targeting tumor-associated immunosuppressive cells.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Li
1.5
Al
0.5
Ge
1.5
(PO
4
)
3
(LAGP) is an inorganic solid electrolyte with a Na superionic conductor (NASICON) structure that provides a channel for lithium ion transport. We coated LAGP particles ...on one side of a polypropylene (PP) separator film to improve the ionic conductivity of the separator, and water-dispersed polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) on the other side to reduce the interfacial resistance between the separator and the lithium metal anode. The results show that the LAGP/PP/PVDF-HFP separator has a high ionic conductivity (1.06 mS cm
−1
) at room temperature (PP separator: 0.70 mS cm
−1
), and an electrochemical window of 5.2 V (
vs.
Li
+
/Li). The capacity retention of a NCM|LAGP/PP/PVDF-HFP|graphite full cell is 81.0% after 300 charge-discharge cycles at 0.2C. When used in a NCM|LAGP/PP/PVDF-HFP|Li half-cell system, the initial discharge capacity is 172.5 mA h g
−1
at 0.2C, and the capacity retention is 83.2% after 300 cycles. More significantly, the surface of the Li anode is smooth and flat after 200 cycles. The interface resistance increased from 7 to 109 Ω after 100 cycles at 0.2C. This indicates that the synergistic effect of the asymmetric coated LAGP and PVDF-HFP is beneficial to inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites in the battery and reduces the interface resistance.
A LAGP/PP/PVDF-HFP double-sided asymmetric composite separator film was prepared to improve the battery performance in LIBs.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
•Thermal activated serpentine was prepared by changing heated temperature.•Thermal activated serpentine exhibited excellent adsorption behavior for cadmium.•The adsorption mechanisms could be ...explained as formation of CdCO3 and Cd(OH)2.•The adsorption obeyed Langmuir model and pseudo second order kinetics model.
Thermal activated serpentine with high adsorption capacity for heavy metals was prepared. The batch experiment studies were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of Cd2+ in aqueous solution using thermal activated serpentine as adsorbent. These samples before and after adsorption were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XPS, and N2 adsorption-desorption at low temperature. It was found that serpentine with layered structure transformed to forsterite with amorphous structure after thermal treatment at over 700°C, while the surface area of the samples was increased with activated temperature and the serpentine activated at 700°C (S-700) presented the largest surface area. The pH of solution after adsorption was increased in different degrees due to hydrolysis of MgO in serpentine, resulting in enhancing adsorption of Cd2+. The S-700 exhibited the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity (15.21mg/g), which was 2 times more than pristine serpentine. Langmuir isotherm was proved to describe the equilibrium adsorption data better than Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics model could fit the adsorption kinetics processes well. Based on the results of characterization with XPS and XRD, the adsorption mechanisms could be explained as primarily formation of CdCO3 and Cd(OH)2 precipitation on the surface of serpentine.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The activation of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis participated in the progression of multiple cancers, but potential effect in terms of perineural invasion (PNI) in SACC remained ambiguous. In this study, we ...identified that CXCL12 substantially expressed in nerve cells. CXCR4 strikingly expressed in tumour cells, and CXCR4 expression was closely associated with the level of EMT‐associated proteins and Schwann cell hallmarks at nerve invasion frontier in SACC. Activation of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis could promote PNI and up‐regulate relative genes of EMT and Schwann cell hallmarks both in vitro and in vivo, which could be inhibited by Twist silence. After overexpressing S100A4, the impaired PNI ability of SACC cells induced by Twist knockdown was significantly reversed, and pseudo foot was visualized frequently. Collectively, the results indicated that CXCL12/CXCR4 might promote PNI by provoking the tumour cell to differentiate towards Schwann‐like cell through Twist/S100A4 axis in SACC.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been demonstrated to closely associate with gene regulation and encompass the well-known microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as the most recently acknowledged long noncoding RNAs ...(lncRNAs). Current evidence indicates that lncRNAs can interact with miRNAs and these interactions play crucial roles in cancer metastasis, through regulating critical events especially the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This review summarizes the types of lncRNA-miRNA crosstalk identified to-date and discusses their influence on the epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and clinical metastatic implication.
Achieving excellent thermal stability, good mechanical strength, and low‐density in one product, is a big challenge in the design and synthesis of polyimide (PI) foams. We selected a rigid diamine ...monomer, 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzoxazole (DAPBO) to partially replace 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) in BTDA‐ODA system, and studied the effect on properties of foamed PI products. With various molar ratio between DABPO and ODA (0:5, 1:4, 2:3, 3:2, 4:1, 5:0), the diamine(s) polymerized with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and produced six PI precursors (PAE‐0 ~ PAE‐5). After foaming and thermal imidization, corresponding PI foams (PI‐0 ~ PI‐5) prepared. Among them, PI‐3 has a glass transition temperature of 386°C, which is 95°C higher than PI‐0, and its compressive strength reaches 1.32 MPa. Moreover, PI‐3 has a uniform cell structure with an average pore size of ~200 μm. The analysis results show that PI‐3 is in a transition state from amorphous to partial crystalline, maintaining a balance between flexibility and rigidity. The addition of DABPO not only increases the rigidity of polymer molecular segments, but also introduces N and O atoms that can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules, which increases the packing density and arrangement regularity of polymer molecules.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The severe anticancer situation as well as the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells has created an urgent need for the development of novel anticancer drugs with different mechanisms ...of action. A large number of natural alkaloids, such as paclitaxel, vinblastine and camptothecin have already been successfully developed into chemotherapy agents. Following the success of these natural products, in this review, twenty-six types of isoquinoline alkaloids (a total of 379 alkaloids), including benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, dimeric aporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, tetrahydroprotoberberine, protoberberine, protopine, dihydrobenzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine, benzophenanthridine dimer, ipecac, simple isoquinoline, pavine, montanine, erythrina, chelidonine, tropoloisoquinoline, azafluoranthene, phthalideisoquinoline, naphthylisoquinoline, lycorine, crinane, narciclasine, and phenanthridone, were summarized based on their cytotoxic and MDR reversing activities against various cancer cells. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of different types of isoquinoline alkaloid were also discussed. Interestingly, some aporphine, oxoaporphine, isooxoaporphine, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and protoberberine alkaloids display more potent anticancer activities or anti-MDR effects than positive control against the tested cancer cells and are regarded as attractive targets for discovery new anticancer drugs or lead compounds.
Low circulating cholesterol concentration is associated with elevated cancer incidence and mortality. However, the association between cholesterol levels and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) ...remains unknown. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of serum lipid profile in DLBCL. Five hundred and fifty enrolled subjects with detailed serum lipid levels at diagnosis of DLBCL were randomly divided into a training set (n = 367) and a validation set (n = 183) (ratio, 2:1). Multivariate Cox regression analyses screened the prognostic factors associated with progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Performances of models were compared using C‐index and area under the curve in internal and external validation. The results showed that decreased levels of total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) were associated with unfavorable PFS and OS in the rituximab era, and concurrently low HDL‐C together with low LDL‐C was an independent prognostic indicator for both PFS and OS. Patients achieving complete remission or partial remission after 6–8 circles of chemotherapies had significantly increased cholesterol levels compared to the levels at DLBCL diagnosis, and HDL‐C or LDL‐C elevations were correlated with better survival. Furthermore, the predictive and discriminatory capacity of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)‐International Prognostic Index (IPI) together with low cholesterol levels was superior to NCCN‐IPI alone both in the training and validation set. In conclusion, serum cholesterol levels are simple and routinely tested parameters, which may be good candidates for predicting prognosis in the future clinical practice of DLBCL.
What's new?
Cholesterol is involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton, cell polarity and angiogenesis, but the role of lipid metabolism in cancer development is not yet fully explored. Here the authors show that low levels of high‐density HDL combined with low levels of low‐density LDL function as an independent prognostic indicator for progression‐free and overall survival in patients with B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The results support the emerging notion that low cholesterol concentration is associated with elevated cancer incidence and underscore the use of simple cholesterol measurements as a prognostic marker in DLBCL.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
To investigate the role of hypoxia in vasculogenic mimicry (VM) of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) and the underlying mechanism involved.
Materials and methods
Firstly, wound ...healing, transwell invasion, immunofluorescence and tube formation assays were performed to measure the effect of hypoxia on migration, invasion, EMT and VM of SACC cells, respectively. Then, immunofluorescence and RT‐PCR were used to detect the effect of hypoxia on VE‐cadherin and VEGFA expression. And pro‐vasculogenic mimicry effect of VEGFA was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western blot. Moreover, the levels of E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, Vimentin, CD44 and ALDH1 were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence in SACC cells treated by exogenous VEGFA or bevacizumab. Finally, CD31/ PAS staining was performed to observe VM and immunohistochemistry was used to determine the levels of VEGFA and HIF‐1α in 95 SACC patients. The relationships between VM and clinicopathological variables, VEGFA or HIF‐1α level were analysed.
Results
Hypoxia promoted cell migration, invasion, EMT and VM formation, and enhanced VE‐cadherin and VEGFA expression in SACC cells. Further, exogenous VEGFA markedly increased the levels of N‐cadherin, Vimentin, CD44 and ALDH1, and inhibited the expression of E‐cadherin, while the VEGFA inhibitor reversed these changes. In addition, VM channels existed in 25 of 95 SACC samples, and there was a strong positive correlation between VM and clinic stage, distant metastases, VEGFA and HIF‐1α expression.
Conclusions
VEGFA played an important role in hypoxia‐induced VM through regulating EMT and stemness, which may eventually fuel the migration and invasion of SACC.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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