To address the problem that the performance of hyperspectral target tracking will be degraded when facing background clutter, this paper proposes a novel hyperspectral target tracking algorithm based ...on the deep edge convolution feature (DECF) and an improved context filter (ICF). DECF is a fusion feature via deep features convolving 3D edge features, which makes targets easier to distinguish under complex backgrounds. In order to reduce background clutter interference, an ICF is proposed. The ICF selects eight neighborhoods around the target as the context areas. Then the first four areas that have a greater interference in the context areas are regarded as negative samples to train the ICF. To reduce the tracking drift caused by target deformation, an adaptive scale estimation module, named the region proposal module, is proposed for the adaptive estimation of the target box. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has satisfactory tracking performance against background clutter challenges.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
It is useful to carefully observe the evolution of foam structures to elucidate the factors affecting cream during whipping. In this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy and a double dyeing ...technology were used to investigate the microstructural evolution of a rigid foam structure in whipped cream. The location of fat and proteins were determined according to the signals they produce at different characteristic wavelengths. Protein membranes on the surface of air bubbles were clearly observed. A simple yet comprehensive characterization of the whipping process was established according to the micrographs and supported by relevant theories. The formation of a rigid foam structure depends on foaming of the protein in the plasma phase and partial coalescence of fat globules. The formation of protein foam in the cream, creation of net structure, and system breakage and collapse phenomena occurring throughout the whole whipping evolution process was depicted and distinguished visually by different colors.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study investigated the impact of different preheat treatments on the emulsifying and gel textural properties of soy protein with varying 11S/7S ratios. A mixture of 7S and 11S globulins, ...obtained from defatted soybean meal, was prepared at different ratios. The mixed proteins were subjected to preheating (75 °C, 85 °C, and 95 °C for 5 min) or non-preheating, followed by spray drying or non-spray drying. The solubility of protein mixtures rich in the 7S fraction tended to decrease significantly after heating at 85 °C, while protein mixtures rich in the 11S fraction showed a significant decrease after heating at 95 °C. Surprisingly, the emulsion stability index (ESI) of protein mixtures rich in the 7S fraction significantly improved twofold during processing at 75 °C. This study revealed a negative correlation between the emulsifying ability of soy protein and the 11S/7S ratio. For protein mixtures rich in either the 7S or the 11S fractions, gelling proprieties as well as emulsion activity index (EAI) and ESI showed no significant changes after spray drying; however, surface hydrophobicity was significantly enhanced following heating at 85 °C post-spray drying treatment. These findings provide insights into the alterations in gelling and emulsifying properties during various heating processes, offering great potential for producing soy protein ingredients with enhanced emulsifying ability and gelling property. They also contribute to establishing a theoretical basis for the standardized production of soy protein isolate with specific functional characteristics.
Sichuan paocai, a traditional Chinese fermented vegetable, is rife with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, the precise bacterial profiles of home-made Sichuan paocai brine (HSPB) remain unclear. In ...this study, the bacterial compositions of 38 aged HSPB samples with varying titratable acidity (TA) were determined by SMRT sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene. The lactic and acetic acids of HSPBs were also measured to determine any relevance with the bacterial profiles. The SMRT sequencing results reveal that the HSPB bacterial communities were comprised of numerous phylogenetic taxa, including 35 phyla, 371 genera, and 593 species; the bacterial diversity decreased as HSPB acidity increased. Lactobacillus acetotolerans, which was positively correlated to HSPB acidity, was the most dominant species followed by Lactobacillus brevis, which was positively related to acetic acid in the samples. A few opportunistic pathogens (e.g. Serratia marcescens and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) were also detected. Sample groups with lower acidity had higher bacterial diversity and more Lactobacillus species with relative abundance >1% and opportunistics than higher-acidity samples. The results presented here report the comprehensive bacterial profiles of home-made Sichuan paocai for the first time via SMRT sequencing technology and the correlation between TA and bacterial compositions. It is necessary to further investigate the opportunistics detected in this work as they relate to the safety and quality of paocai.
•Bacterial profiles in Sichuan paocai were revealed by SMRT sequencing technology.•Lactobacillus acetotolerans was the most dominant species.•New species and some opportunistic pathogens were also detected.•Bacterial diversity decreased as the acidity of home-made Sichuan paocai increased.•Low acidity group had more Lactobacilli and opportunistic pathogens.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In 2010, China published highly strict food safety standard for infant formula (GB 10765
2010
). However, many manufacturers in China found it difficult to meet the new microbiological standard. The ...aim of this study was to find the appropriate processing conditions for producing Chinese infant milk with reduced microbial load. Concentrated milk was heated at 95 °C for 15 s (LHT) and 110 °C for 4 s (HHT), and their effects on the microbiological quality and physicochemical properties of the infant formula milk powder were investigated. Compared to LHT, HHT made significant effects on the bacterial, thermophilic, and aerobic spore counts. In addition, the total bacterial count of the infant formula milk powder after HHT met the requirements of the safety standard (GB 10765
2010
). In terms of nutritional content, both powders met the requirement (GB 10765
2010
) with no significant differences observed. There were also no significant differences observed between the two powders in terms of particle morphology, wettability, free fat content, thermal characteristics of fat, or milk fat globule membrane permeability. Although some slight differences (
P
≤ 0.05) were found in solubility, dispersibility, viscosity, particle size of the reconstituted powder, and protein characteristics, the acceptability of the product under both heat treatments was found to be similar. The knowledge derived from this work can potentially provide an effective method for processing infant formula milk powder in China.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
From the data, structural defects and cracks evolution patterns are identified to determine a statistically significant service life of approximately 5500 h. In this paper, a statistical analysis of ...failure form and work time of MHJ is conducted. Microscopic test of cracks reveals four main forms of type of cracks. Improper weld technology causes defects in the metallographic structure of weld seam. Improper design causes fatigue cracks of weld seam. Improper machining of parts causes stress concentration and cracks. Improper structural design causes uneven load-bearing capacity of the overall weld structure. According to the above problems, weld structure are optimized. Detailed research is conducted on weld technology of key weld bead. The differences in microstructure and weld efficiency of three different weld technologies are determined by microscopic tests on three key weld seam structures. Therefore, it is concluded that weld bead of MHJ can use full fusion of 9–12 passes multi-pass weld form. This method can achieve a balance between weld efficiency and weld quality. According to simulation analysis and comparison, lifespan after optimization of MHJ increases from 5863 h to 10,374.8 h. Structural performance of MHJ is greatly improved after optimization. Effectiveness of optimal design is verified by zero feedback within 5 years.
•Optimizing the structure to increase load-bearing capacity and weldability.•9–12 passes multi-pass weld is a reasonable weld technology parameter.•Lifespan after optimization of MHJ increases from 5863 h to 10374.8 h.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A novel hyperspectral image dimensionality reduction method called Pixel-wise Spectral Matching Reduction (PSMR) is proposed. The proposed method uses two predefined thresholds to distinguish the ...search area pixel by pixel. The PSMR method not only compress the dimension of HSIs, but also roughly segment the target and background in the search area;•Based on the segmentation results of PSMR, a coarse location mask, which is used to predict the approximate position of the target in the next frame, is generated. In addition, the generated mask suppresses the texture features of the background;•This paper also proposes a novel Spectral Cascading Texture (SCT) feature that is obtained by combining texture features, extracted using the LBP operator, with the Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) spectral curve. As a new feature that enhances HVT, SCT contains rich spatial and spectral information;•In order to combine the texture, spectral and semantic information, we propose a feature fusion method called group-pixel joint convolution, which can effectively preserve the local characteristics of SCT features.
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Illumination variation (IV) is a challenging issue in hyperspectral video target tracking (HVT). In order to resolve this issue, this paper proposes a novel HVT algorithm based on Pixel-wise Spectral Matching Reduction (PSMR) and Deep Spectral Cascading Texture (Deep-SCT) features. The PSMR is a novel dimensionality reduction method that approximately segments the target and background while compressing the hyperspectral image data. The Deep-SCT features are composed of spectral cascading texture (SCT) features and deep features. The local binary pattern operator and illumination invariance along with the Deep-SCT features overcome the interference caused by IV. In addition, we propose a feature fusion method, called group-pixel joint convolution, which fuses SCT features and deep features. Moreover, the segmentation results, produced by the dimensionality reduction process, are used to generate a coarse location mask. This mask is then used to predict the location of target and also to suppress the texture features of the background. Finally, after localizing the target using the Deep-SCT features, the proposed algorithm uses a step-by-step estimation strategy to adjust the size of the target bounding box. Experiments, over benchmark datasets, illustrate the superior performance of the proposed tracker in comparison with the state-of-the-art approaches. It is evident that the proposed strategy is highly robust against IV.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood
. Here we report a ...large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe-tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe-tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of nanofiltration and evaporation concentration technologies on the physiochemical properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) during processing. ...Skim milk, ultrafiltered milk, evaporated milk, nanofiltered milk, evaporated MPC, and nanofiltered MPC samples were collected at different processing stages. Chemical composition, microstructure of casein micelles, free sulfhydryl content, and surface hydrophobicity of the samples were determined. The insolubility index of MPC was also determined. Casein micelles aggregated compactly after evaporation while surface hydrophobicity increased and free sulfhydryl content decreased in evaporated milk compared with skim milk. However, the microstructure of the casein micelles was relatively undisturbed after nanofiltration, with reduced surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl content. No significant difference was found in chemical composition between the 2 MPC preparations: approximately 61.40% protein and 28.49% lactose. In addition, the particulate microstructures of both MPC were similar. However, the insolubility index of evaporated MPC was significantly (0.58mL) higher than that of nanofiltered MPC. Nanofiltration may be an effective way to improve the solubility of MPC products.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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