Smart devices, nowadays, are inspiring the infinite vitality and possibilities of intelligent life, such as self‐power electromagnetic (EM) nanogenerator and microsensor, smart window, ...thermally‐driven EM absorber, interstellar energy deliverer, and so on. Herein, the latest and most impressive works of 3D nano–micro architectures and their smart EM devices are highly focused on. The most key information, including assembly strategy and mechanism, EM response, and approach‐structure‐function relationship, is extracted and well‐organized with profundity and easy‐to‐understand approach. The merit and demerit are revealed by comparison. What’s more, the brightest and most cutting‐edge smart EM devices constructed by 3D nano–micro architectures are reported as highlights, and the device principles are deeply dissected. Finally, a profound and top comment on the fast‐growing field as well as challenges are proposed, and the future directions are predicted intelligently.
3D nano–micro architectures and smart devices are “breaking new ground” to open a new chapter of the world—an intelligent world. New science and new technologies, new products, new industries, and new patterns, etc., are ever‐spawning, pushing new‐era scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. This is a great challenge, but even, a rare opportunity nowadays and in the future.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, featuring unique 3D microstructures and enhanced electromagnetic properties, are illuminating infinite possibilities for electromagnetic ...functional materials and devices, receiving significant attention from domestic and foreign researchers. Herein, the design strategy of the MOF monomer is investigated, and the electromagnetic response mechanism is systematically analyzed. Research is emphatically introduced regarding MOF‐based materials in microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding. Finally, a clear insight on the quickly growing field is given, and the current challenges and future research directions are summarized and predicted.
The research progress of metal–organic framework‐based materials in microwave absorption and electromagnetic interference shielding has refreshed the understanding of the material world, which stimulates the combination of science and technology, lighting up the development direction of electromagnetic functional materials and devices in the future.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Spatial electromagnetic (EM) radiation, big data, is both an opportunity and a challenge. Harvesting and converting waste EM energy for high‐efficient recycling has a huge significance in the energy ...field. Herein, a new and effective patching engineering method using conductive polymers to repair magnetic graphene (NF‐P) is proposed, tailoring the microstructure network controllably, including conductive network and relaxation genes. It realizes the precise tuning of EM property, and the EM response shows a significant increase of 52%. The energy transformation inside materials is surveyed, and a revolutionary mode of energy conversion is constructed, ingeniously utilizing the stored electrical energy and the converted heat energy inside the material with the theoretical utilization of absorbed EM energy up to 100%. The NF‐P patching network serves as a prototype for a potential cell device with the EM energy conversion improved by ≈10 times and effective bandwidth increased by 13 GHz that covers the entire research frequency band (2–18 GHz). This research opens up a new idea for energy utilization inside materials, providing a novel and effective path for harvesting, converting and delivering spatial EM energy.
Energy is not produced, but is simply portered. Here, a revolutionary prototype cell is constructed, ingeniously utilizing the stored electrical energy and converted heat energy inside material with the theoretical utilization of absorbed electromagnetic energy up to 100%.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Humans are undergoing a fateful transformation focusing on artificial intelligence, quantum information technology, virtual reality, etc., which is inseparable from intelligent nano–micro devices. ...However, the booming of “Big Data” brings about an even greater challenge by growing electromagnetic radiation. Herein, an innovative flexible multifunctional microsensor is proposed, opening up a new horizon for intelligent devices. It integrates “non‐crosstalk” multiple perception and green electromagnetic interference shielding only in one pixel, with satisfactory sensitivity and fast information feedback. Importantly, beneficial by deep insight into the variable‐temperature electromagnetic response, the microsensor tactfully transforms the urgent threat of electromagnetic radiation into “wealth,” further integrating self‐power. This result will refresh researchers' realization of next‐generation devices, ushering in a new direction for aerospace engineering, remote sensing, communications, medical treatment, biomimetic robot, prosthetics, etc.
An innovative flexible multifunctional microsensor is demonstrated for the first time, holding highly integrated functions of “non‐crosstalk” multiple perception, green electromagnetic interference shielding, and self‐power only in one pixel. Importantly, insight into the variable‐temperature electromagnetic response is obtained, showing a new concept toward next‐generation intelligent devices in the coming era of the “Internet of Everything”.
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Low‐dimensional materials have been long sought after for their particular electromagnetic (EM) functions, with promising applications in EM wave absorbing and shielding, communicating and imaging, ...sensing and detecting, driving and actuating, etc. Herein, across the whole EM spectrum, low‐dimensional EM functional materials and devices are highly focused on. The crystal engineering and function‐guiding features addressed relate to crystal and electronic structures, EM responses and properties, energy conversion, as well as EM wave absorbing and shielding. Moreover, insight is given into this rapidly broadening field, the main challenges are proposed and future directions are predicted.
Electromagnetic response and energy conversion for functions and devices of low‐dimensional materials are systematically summarized. The crystal and electronic structures are described, and crystal engineering and function‐guiding features are highlighted. Importantly, the electromagnetic functions and devices are demonstrated with a prediction of the most prospective opportunities and directions for the future.
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The development of high-efficiency microwave absorbing materials in different frequency bands is expected to satisfy the requirement of real-time communication and national defense especially active ...camouflage in the information era. Herein, a carbon modified nickel cobalt oxide, C–NiCo2O4, porous nanofiber is successfully constructed by electrospinning and in-situ hierarchical thermal treatment engineering. The thermal treatment temperature enables tailoring of the C content of C–NiCo2O4 so as to modulate the conduction loss. More importantly, the absorption frequency can be tuned from Ku to X and even to C band due to that the proper tailoring affords varying synergy effect of dielectric and magnetic properties on impedance matching degree of each C–NiCo2O4 composite. Since low reflection loss suggests efficient energy conversion and heat generation, the high electromagnetic absorption makes the material extremely potential for application in multifunctional nano-micro electromagnetic devices.
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•A carbon modified NiCo2O4 nanofiber is successfully constructed by a hierarchical thermal treatment engineering.•The porous C–NiCo2O4 nanofiber with a light weight and more electron transport paths gives better electromagnetic properties.•Selective active camouflage benefiting from the tunable electromagnetic absorption is realized.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Highlights
The industrial application and foundational research of MXenes at gigahertz frequency are systematically reviewed.
The design principles of “lightweight, wide, and strong” are specifically ...highlighted.
Current challenges and future directions for MXenes in wireless communication and electromagnetic attenuation are outlined.
There is an urgent global need for wireless communication utilizing materials that can provide simultaneous flexibility and high conductivity. Avoiding the harmful effects of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from wireless communication is a persistent research hot spot. Two-dimensional (2D) materials are the preferred choice as wireless communication and EM attenuation materials as they are lightweight with high aspect ratios and possess distinguished electronic properties. MXenes, as a novel family of 2D materials, have shown excellent properties in various fields, owing to their excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, high flexibility, and ease of processability. To date, research on the utility of MXenes for wireless communication has been actively pursued. Moreover, MXenes have become the leading materials for EM attenuation. Herein, we systematically review the recent advances in MXene-based materials with different structural designs for wireless communication, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and EM wave absorption. The relationship governing the structural design and the effectiveness for wireless communication, EMI shielding, and EM wave absorption is clearly revealed. Furthermore, our review mainly focuses on future challenges and guidelines for designing MXene-based materials for industrial application and foundational research.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
With the advent of intelligent society and the popularity of electronic equipment, the protection and treatment of electromagnetic (EM) radiation have become hot research topics all over the world. ...Herein, novel 2D carbon‐based nanoplates with uniformly embedded Co nanoparticles are prepared, with unique hierarchical structure and integrated magnetic‐dielectric components. The obtained hierarchical nanoplates exhibit a wide range of tunable EM properties (ε′ for 3.38 to 34.67 and ε″ for 0.13 to 31.45) by manipulating the dispersed states inside wax system, which can achieve an effective switch from microwave absorption to EM interference shielding performance. The optimal reflection loss reaches −55.6 dB, and the shielding efficiency is 93.5%. Meanwhile, the hierarchical nanoplates also exhibit impressive capacitive performance, with a specific capacitance of 1654 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. Based on this, a creative device is constructed with the nanoplates, which can convert harmful EM radiation to useful electric energy for recycling. This work offers a new idea for the development of EM materials and functional devices, powerfully promoting the advance of energy and environmental fields.
Novel 2D carbon‐based nanoplates with uniformly embedded Co nanoparticles are prepared, with highly tunable electromagnetic properties and excellent electrochemical performance. Based on this, a creative energy conversion device is constructed, which can convert harmful EM radiation to useful electric energy for recycling. This work offers a new horizon for the development of advanced electromagnetic materials and functional devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
High‐efficiency electromagnetic (EM) functional materials are the core building block of high‐performance EM absorbers and devices, and they are indispensable in various fields ranging from ...industrial manufacture to daily life, or even from national defense security to space exploration. Searching for high‐efficiency EM functional materials and realizing high‐performance EM devices remain great challenges. Herein, a simple solution‐process is developed to rapidly grow gram‐scale organic–inorganic (MAPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite microcrystals. They exhibit excellent EM response in multi bands covering microwaves, visible light, and X‐rays. Among them, outstanding microwave absorption performance with multiple absorption bands can be achieved, and their intrinsic EM properties can be tuned by adjusting polar group. An ultra‐wideband bandpass filter with high suppression level of −71.8 dB in the stopband in the GHz band, self‐powered photodetectors with tunable broadband or narrowband photoresponse in the visible‐light band, and a self‐powered X‐ray detector with high sensitivity of 3560 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 in the X‐ray band are designed and realized by precisely regulating the physical features of perovskite and designing a novel planar device structure. These findings open a door toward developing high‐efficiency EM functional materials for realizing high‐performance EM absorbers and devices.
A facile one‐step solution processing method is developed to rapidly prepare gram‐scale MAPbX3 microcrystals. Utilizing its intrinsic electromagnetic (EM) properties, a series of EM devices is designed and fabricated, which can be applied in the fields of ultra‐wideband bandpass filters and multi‐band photodetection covering X‐rays, UV, visible light, and microwaves.
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•The preparation of pristine MXenes and MXenes hybrids are systematically summarized.•Green, efficient, and widely available synthetic routes are specifically highlighted.•The ...structure, microstructure and electronic structure of MXene are clearly revealed.•Microwave dielectric properties and attenuation mechanism are objectively reviewed.•Numbers research works on MXenes for MA and EMI shielding are demonstrated.
MXene, a shining star of two-dimensional (2D) materials, perfectly showcases layered structure, outstanding electrical conductivity, tunable active surface, and excellent mechanical strength, all of which make it extremely attractive in various applications, in particular for the ever growing market of microwave absorption (MA) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding technology. Herein, we introduce the synthetic strategies, structure and properties of MXene-based materials. The current research progresses on the dielectric properties of MXene are comprehensively summarized and analyzed. We objectively overview and evaluate the state-of-the-art in electromagnetic wave absorbing and shielding of MXene-based matrials and dissect the major problems and bottlenecks. In addition, prospective research opportunities are highlighted toward the development of advanced MXene-based materials for MA and EMI shielding.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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