In comparison to onshore facilities, ships, and their machinery are subjected to challenging external influences such as rolling, vibration, and continually changing air & cooling water temperatures ...in the marine environment. However, these factors are typically neglected, or their consequences are deemed to have little effect on machinery, the environment, or human life. In this study, seasonal air & seawater temperature effects on marine diesel engine performance parameters and emissions are investigated by using a full-mission engine room simulator. A tanker ship two-stroke main engine MAN B&W 6S50 MC-C with a power output of 8 600 kW is employed during the simulation process. Furthermore, due to its diverse risks, the Marmara Region is chosen as the application area for real-time average temperature data. Based on the research findings, even minor variations in seasonal temperatures have a significant influence on certain key parameters of a ship’s main engine including scavenge pressure, exhaust temperatures, compression and combustion pressures, fuel consumption, power, and NO
x
−SO
x
−CO
x
emissions. For instance, during the winter season, the cylinder compression pressure (
p
c
) is recorded at 94 bar, while the maximum pressure (
p
z
) reaches 110 bar. In the summer,
p
c
experiences a decrease of 81 bar, while
p
z
is measured at 101 bar. The emission of nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) exhibits a measurement of 784 parts per million (ppm) during winter and 744 in summer. The concentration of sulfur oxides (SO
x
) is recorded at 46 ppm in winter and 53 in summer. Given the current state of global warming and climate change, it is an undeniable fact that the impact of these phenomena will inevitably escalate.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The impact of digitalization on the maritime industry is increasing day by day. In this sense, realistic engine room simulators (ERS), which fulfill the requirements of the International Maritime ...Organization, are getting more important and frequently used in the field of maritime education and training. Besides, it is observed that there is an increase in ERS usage in experimental academic studies because opportunities for realizing critical and risky operations on real marine vessels in the ERS and determining the effects of failures through simulations encourage researchers. However, there is uncertainty about the method followed in ERS-based studies since the use of the ERS varies at the discretion of each author. In this study, a novel methodology is proposed to eliminate the uncertainty and provide standardization of engine simulators as a tool in academic studies. Real ship machinery operations, simulator specifications, scientific methods, instructor and operator interventions are utilized in this methodology framework. To prove the effectiveness of the methodology, a two-stroke MAN B&W 6S50 MC-C marine diesel engine turbocharger (TC) exhaust side fouling effects are analyzed. In addition, the validation of the application conducted by the proposed methodology is carried out by consulting experts with marine experience during the design and evaluation of the application. Thus, it is aimed to obtain more realistic and reliable data through a systematically designed simulation process.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Considering the shipboard machinery, the compressed air system directly powers the ship's diesel engines' starting and routine operations. Additionally, pressurized air is distributed throughout the ...ship, enabling the operation of various systems. However, a compressor failure could result in the entire compressed air system collapsing, which might also result in the ship losing its maneuverability. When a ship loses its ability to maneuver, various devastating risks can arise, including grounding, collision, contact, explosion, and fire. On the other hand, compressor system risk assessment is not a widely researched subject in the field of maritime. To fill this gap, this study provides a comprehensive risk assessment of the shipboard compressor system by utilizing the rule-based fuzzy Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method. 33 failure modes with their causes and consequences were determined with their expert-assigned O–S-D scores. In addition, 125 If-Then rules in the fuzzy logic system were created specifically for this study. Finally, the failure modes of the shipboard compressor system were prioritized. According to the results, the most critical failure modes are identified as FM18-Broken piston rings with a 6.43 fuzzy RPN score, FM08-Piston liner wear with 6.29, and FM11-Knocking compressor operation with a 5.59. The results of this study will contribute to the maritime sector by analyzing the risks of compressor systems and introduce them to safety specialists, ship crew, shipping companies, port authorities, inspection officers, etc.
•Ships and their engine rooms are complex engineering structures with various systems.•Compressors, which generate pressurized air, are critical ship auxiliary equipment.•A detailed risk assessment of the shipboard compressor system was performed by utilizing the rule-based fuzzy FMEA method.•125 If-Then rules were shaped by experts specifically for this study and the FRPN were computed for the 33 failure modes.•FM18-Broken piston rings with a 6.43 fuzzy RPN have been identified as the riskiest failure mode on the compressor system.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The operating environment of merchant ships is dynamic and complex. Particularly, their engine rooms and bridges have complex structures that contain various equipment. In addition, there is the ...human factor that manages all this complex structure. The systems on-board ships involve interactions between crew, hardware, and software (man-machine interfaces). As a consequence of the growing complexity of socio-technical systems, traditional accident analysis methods are getting inadequate to analyse the complex systems. The conventional analyses are focused on the chain of events and they have limited ability to overcome non-linear interactions among dynamic and complex system components in maritime transportation. The aim of this paper is to apply a Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) model for the analysis of a ship allision accident occurring in narrow waters. This is to create a wider view of the accidents rather than a simple chain of events. With the help of detailed STAMP analysis, the dynamic nature of the system, errors in the entire structure, including the human, machine, and software interactions can be analysed. The model also identifies violations of safety constraints at all levels of the control structure, even though the accident involved a complex and dynamic process. The results demonstrate that complex system accidents are not a simple cause-effect chain of events, on the contrary, they are system-based, dynamic, and complex situations. Consequently, the paper tried to reveal all the causes of the Vitaspirit Allison, rather than just one component.
•The operating environment of merchant ships is dynamic and complex.•Interactions between human, hardware, and software components play an important role in accidents.•Despite its systematic and dynamic analysis capability, the STAMP has not been applied in the maritime field properly.•A real-time case study of the M/V Vitaspirit accident analysed with the help of the STAMP.•Despite STAMP is a qualitative analysis, dynamic structure actions, its codes, and description were added to the study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A marine boiler plant is an essential auxiliary onboard machinery that provides pressurized steam to several ship systems such as pipeline steam tracing, fuel tank heating, main engine jacket water ...heating, separation, cleaning, cargo pump operation, electric generation, etc. Despite the crucial role of this equipment in ship operations, its components, including fuel, air, water, exhaust, and steam, present severe operating hazards with the potential for catastrophic consequences. Furthermore, the topic of shipboard boiler plant risk assessment has not been extensively studied in the field of maritime. To fill these gaps, this study provides a systematic risk assessment for marine boiler plant utilizing the Analytic Network Process (ANP) method to reveal the complex relationship structure between boiler clusters and their sub-factors. According to the analysis results, the three most risky boiler clusters have been determined as Steam (0.295), Water (0.236), and Fuel (0.211). Besides, the most significant sub-factors in the prioritization have been, S-1: Steam temperature/pressure fluctuation (0.1666), S-2: Safety valve failure (0.1004), F-3: Fuel temperature/pressure fluctuation (0.0890), A-2: Improper air-fuel ratio (0.0646), W-2: High or low boiler water level (0.0558) respectively. The findings of this study will aid the maritime industry by analyzing the risks of boiler systems and presenting them to safety experts, ship crew, shipping corporations, port authorities, and inspection officers with the aim of proactively mitigating future accidents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Despite the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing complexity of systems, conventional accident analysis techniques developed many years ago are still used in numerous sectors. On the ...other hand, these approaches are limited in detecting all underlying causes of accidents in complex socio-technical systems. In recent years, system theory-based novel accident analysis techniques have been proposed to address this issue. Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP) is one of these innovative analytic techniques with a strong detection capability. The method has the ability for analyzing human, organization, hardware, software, external factor components, and their interactions in a dynamic structure. However, despite the method's strong analysis capacity, it is a shortcoming that STAMP is a qualitative method. This study aims to present a hybrid quantitative methodology for complex system accidents based on a system engineering perspective to fill this gap. In this context, a real catastrophic marine diesel engine incident was analyzed to prove the applicability and effectiveness of the methodology. According to the analysis results, the main causes of the case incident were systematically determined as 80% human factor, 13% hardware & software factor, and 7% external factor.
•A modified methodology for complex process accident analysis based on a system engineering perspective is presented.•The proposed methodology is based on STAMP and rule-based fuzzy FMEA approaches.•A real catastrophic engine failure is chosen to show the implementation of the intended methodology.•The main reasons of the M/V Guroni Incident are due to 80% human, 13% hardware & software, and 7% external factors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ships present a significant source of air pollution, contributing to environmental degradation and posing health risks. Boilers are a significant part of the vessels in which the water is heated to ...evaporate and generate steam. The boilers emit pollutants such as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), particle pollution, and volatile organic compounds (VOC). This paper conducts an extended risk analysis for air pollution due to boiler operation on ships. An improved Z-numbers theory and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) are adopted to predict risk. Whilst improved Z-number theory is capable of handling uncertainties inherent in risk assessment, the FTA presents systematically the causal relationships among various factors contributing to the risk of air pollution on ships. The findings show that the failure probability of air pollution during ship boiler operation is 2.08E-05 and BE-12 is the most significant event. Results provide valuable data to maritime stakeholders in fostering environmentally sustainable practices.
•A risk analysis of air pollution due to boiler operation on ships is presented.•Risk analysis is carried out through improved Z-number and fault tree analysis.•The findings provide information to understand and mitigate air pollution risk.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Port State Control (PSC) is the inspection mechanism that ensures commercial vessels comply with internationally binding rules and regulations. During the PSC inspections, non-compliances with ...international maritime conventions may result in deficiencies or even the detention of the vessel. On the other side, deficiencies identified during PSC inspections are significant for the safe, secure, clean seas and sustainable marine environment. In this line, International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce ship-related pollution within the scope of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Specifically, Annex-VI is the most recently ratified regulation of MARPOL covering air pollution. Although Annex-VI deficiencies pose significant risks to maritime stakeholders and the natural environment, this topic has been broadly neglected by researchers. For this reason, a detailed risk analysis for the MARPOL Annex-VI deficiencies was carried out to demonstrate a prioritization concerning the marine environment and maritime stakeholders in this study. An improved Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach is employed in the computation of risk priority numbers (RPN) by taking O, S, and D inputs from two different expert groups and the Paris MoU database. According to the results, the riskiest MARPOL Annex-VI failure modes are identified as 14615-Fuel change-over procedure (RPN: 235.71), 14608-Incinerator operations and operating manual (RPN: 232.65), and 14601-Technical files and if applicable, monitoring manual (RPN: 219.86). Consequently, the presented risk analysis and findings are intended to be a reference for maritime stakeholders to prevent harmful scenarios involving ship-related air pollution.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The study provides a comprehensive assessment of ballast water treatment systems (BWTS) selection regarding crucial parameters such as energy efficiency, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. The ...focus of the study is investigating the environmental impacts of BWTS and how these impacts can be considered in decision-making processes. In this context, it comprehensively analyzes the importance of decision-making parameters and the environmental consequences of BWTS applications. The potential impacts of the system on the sustainability of the maritime industry are highlighted. In this context, seven different BWTSs for a bulk carrier of 83,000 deadweight tonnes are evaluated using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Preference Ranking Technique by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). According to the analysis, Operational Expenditure (0.314508), Capital Expenditure (0.249515), and Capacity (0.159952) are the most critical factors. Among the seven systems analysed, product G (0.8561137) emerges as the most suitable option. The analysis represents 3% of total emissions (456.5 tonnes CO2) and highlights the impact of BWTS on CO2 emissions. The results underline the need for innovative approaches aimed at ensuring the long-term sustainability of the maritime industry.
•The study highlights the optimal BWTS selection for sustainable ship prodution.•Seven BWTS devices appropriate for a bulk carrier are assessed and their qualities are weighted.•The proposed equipment was installed on a real commercial vessel and operated for one year.•Increased fuel consumption during operations accounts for 456.5 tons of CO2 per year.•While the BWTS system protects the marine environment, it generates additional emissions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
