Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L. ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
03/2020, Volume:
101, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Model projections of tropical cyclone (TC) activity response to anthropogenic warming in climate models are assessed. Observations, theory, and models, with increasing robustness, indicate rising ...global TC risk for some metrics that are projected to impact multiple regions. A 2°C anthropogenic global warming is projected to impact TC activity as follows. 1) The most confident TC-related projection is that sea level rise accompanying the warming will lead to higher storm inundation levels, assuming all other factors are unchanged. 2) For TC precipitation rates, there is at least medium-to-high confidence in an increase globally, with a median projected increase of 14%, or close to the rate of tropical water vapor increase with warming, at constant relative humidity. 3) For TC intensity, 10 of 11 authors had at least medium-to-high confidence that the global average will increase. The median projected increase in lifetime maximum surface wind speeds is about 5% (range: 1%–10%) in available higher-resolution studies. 4) For the global proportion (as opposed to frequency) of TCs that reach very intense (category 4–5) levels, there is at least medium-to-high confidence in an increase, with a median projected change of +13%. Author opinion was more mixed and confidence levels lower for the following projections: 5) a further poleward expansion of the latitude of maximum TC intensity in the western North Pacific; 6) a decrease of global TC frequency, as projected in most studies; 7) an increase in global very intense TC frequency (category 4–5), seen most prominently in higher-resolution models; and 8) a slowdown in TC translation speed.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present component-separated maps of the primary cosmic microwave background/kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) amplitude and the thermal SZ Compton-y parameter, created using data from the South ...Pole Telescope (SPT) and the Planck satellite. These maps, which cover the ∼2500 deg2 of the southern sky imaged by the SPT-SZ survey, represent a significant improvement over previous such products available in this region by virtue of their higher angular resolution (1.′25 for our highest-resolution Compton-y maps) and lower noise at small angular scales. In this work we detail the construction of these maps using linear combination techniques, including our method for limiting the correlation of our lowest-noise Compton-y map products with the cosmic infrared background. We perform a range of validation tests on these data products to test our sky modeling and combination algorithms, and we find good performance in all of these tests. Recognizing the potential utility of these data products for a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological analyses, including studies of the gas properties of galaxies, groups, and clusters, we make these products publicly available at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz_ymap and on the NASA/LAMBDA website.
ABSTRACT
We search for the signature of cosmological shocks in stacked gas pressure profiles of galaxy clusters using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). Specifically, we stack the latest ...Compton-y maps from the 2500 deg2 SPT-SZ survey on the locations of clusters identified in that same data set. The sample contains 516 clusters with mean mass $\langle M_{\rm 200m}\rangle = 10^{14.9} \, {\rm M}_\odot$ and redshift 〈z〉 = 0.55. We analyse in parallel a set of zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations from the three hundred project. The SPT-SZ data show two features: (i) a pressure deficit at R/R200m = 1.08 ± 0.09, measured at 3.1σ significance and not observed in the simulations, and; (ii) a sharp decrease in pressure at R/R200m = 4.58 ± 1.24 at 2.0σ significance. The pressure deficit is qualitatively consistent with a shock-induced thermal non-equilibrium between electrons and ions, and the second feature is consistent with accretion shocks seen in previous studies. We split the cluster sample by redshift and mass, and find both features exist in all cases. There are also no significant differences in features along and across the cluster major axis, whose orientation roughly points towards filamentary structure. As a consistency test, we also analyse clusters from the Planck and Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter surveys and find quantitatively similar features in the pressure profiles. Finally, we compare the accretion shock radius ($R_{\rm sh,\, acc}$) with existing measurements of the splashback radius (Rsp) for SPT-SZ and constrain the lower limit of the ratio, $R_{\rm sh,\, acc}/R_{\rm sp}\gt 2.16 \pm 0.59$.
This paper presents the design, fabrication and measurement of a flexible 8
×
8 temperature and tactile sensing array which will be used as the artificial skin for robot applications. The temperature ...and tactile sensing elements are heterogeneously integrated on a flexible copper-PI film using micromachining techniques. The tactile sensing elements are formed by dispensing conductive polymer on the pre-defined interdigital copper electrodes. This novel fabrication method can effectively reduce the crosstalk between each sensing element. The strategy and the verification for reducing crosstalk currents are described. The mechanical and electrical properties of tactile sensing elements are measured. Also, discrete temperature sensor chips are employed as the temperature-sensing cells. Scanning circuits are implemented. Finally, measured temperature and tactile images have been successfully obtained by using the integrated 8
×
8 sensing arrays. The flexible sensor arrays are bendable down to a 4-mm radius without any degradation in functionality.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Summary
Medication persistence and adherence are critical for osteoporosis outcomes. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we found that persistence and adherence to ...teriparatide were low in Taiwanese patients with osteoporosis and that greater persistence and adherence were associated with a lower incidence of hip and other nonvertebral fractures.
Introduction
The purpose of this study was to determine the persistence and adherence to teriparatide treatment in Taiwanese patients with osteoporosis, and to examine the association between persistence and adherence to teriparatide with fracture risks.
Methods
Medical and pharmacy claims for 4,692 patients with vertebral or hip fractures and teriparatide prescriptions between 2005 and 2008 were identified (Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database). Persistence was the time from the start of treatment to the first 90-day gap between two teriparatide prescriptions. Adherence was the number of teriparatide pens (each pen is used over 1 month) prescribed over 24 months. Association of persistence and adherence to teriparatide with fracture incidence was assessed using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
The proportion of patients persisting with teriparatide for >6 months and >12 months was 44.6 and 24.9 %, respectively. Over 24 months, 53.6 % of patients were adherent for >6 months and 33.9 % were adherent for >12 months. Patients persisting for >12 months had a significantly lower incidence of hip (adjusted hazard ratio HR, 0.61 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.40–0.93,
P
= 0.0229) and nonvertebral fracture (HR, 0.79 95 % CI, 0.63–0.99,
P
= 0.0462) compared with those who persisted for ≤12 months. Patients adherent for >12 months had a lower incidence of hip (HR, 0.66 95 % CI, 0.46–0.96,
P
= 0.0286) and nonvertebral fracture (HR, 0.81 95 % CI, 0.66–0.99,
P
= 0.0377) compared with those adherent for ≤12 months.
Conclusions
Persistence and adherence to teriparatide over 24 months were low in Taiwanese patients with osteoporosis; greater adherence and persistence were associated with a lower incidence of nonvertebral fractures.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disease of the skin due to melanocyte destruction. A shared pathogenesis affecting melanocytes in the cochlea has been postulated. However, the ...association between vitiligo and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is unclear.
Objective
To identify the association between vitiligo and SNHL.
Methods
This retrospective, nationwide cohort study included patients with vitiligo and age‐, sex‐ and comorbidities‐matched controls (propensity score matching; 1:4 ratio) from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2013.
Results
In total, 13 048 patients with vitiligo and 52 192 controls were included. SNHL developed in 0.61% patients with vitiligo and 0.29% controls. After adjusting for sex, age and comorbidities, a significant association between vitiligo and SNHL was found (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.66–2.86). The other risk factors for developing SNHL included increased age, male sex, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease and diffuse connective tissue diseases. In subgroup analysis, the association between vitiligo and SNHL remained significant in almost all the subgroups.
Conclusion
A 2.2‐fold increased risk of developing SNHL was found in patients with vitiligo. Proper referral to otologists for early screening and closer follow‐up of SNHL should be considered for patients with vitiligo, especially for patients with older age.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
We present X-ray timing results of the new black hole candidate MAXI J1535−571 during its 2017 outburst from Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) observations taken from 2017 September 6 to ...23. Following the definitions given by Belloni, we find that the source exhibits transitions from the low/hard state to the hard intermediate state, and eventually to the soft intermediate state. Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are found in the intermediate states, which suggest different types of QPOs. With the large effective area of Insight-HXMT at high energies, we are able to present the energy dependence of the QPO amplitude and centroid frequency up to 100 keV, which has rarely been explored by previous satellites. We also find that the phase lag at the type-C QPOs centroid frequency is negative (soft lag) and strongly correlated with the centroid frequency. Assuming a geometrical origin of type-C QPOs, the source is consistent with being a high-inclination system.
Despite the initial effectiveness of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib against HER2 gene-amplified breast cancers, most patients eventually relapse after treatment, implying that tumors acquire ...mechanisms of drug resistance. To discover these mechanisms, we generated six lapatinib-resistant HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell lines. In cells that grew in the presence of lapatinib, HER2 autophosphorylation was undetectable, whereas active phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were maintained. To identify networks maintaining these signaling pathways, we profiled the tyrosine phosphoproteome of sensitive and resistant cells using an immunoaffinity-enriched mass spectrometry method. We found increased phosphorylation of Src family kinases (SFKs) and putative Src substrates in several resistant cell lines. Treatment of these resistant cells with Src kinase inhibitors partially blocked PI3K-Akt signaling and restored lapatinib sensitivity. Further, SFK mRNA expression was upregulated in primary HER2+ tumors treated with lapatinib. Finally, the combination of lapatinib and the Src inhibitor AZD0530 was more effective than lapatinib alone at inhibiting pAkt and growth of established HER2-positive BT-474 xenografts in athymic mice. These data suggest that increased Src kinase activity is a mechanism of lapatinib resistance and support the combination of HER2 antagonists with Src inhibitors early in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancers in order to prevent or overcome resistance to HER2 inhibitors.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background: Despite the advent of modern neurosurgical techniques, new antibiotics, and powerful imaging technologies, brain abscess remains a potentially fatal central nervous system infection. Aim: ...To determine the epidemiological trends, prognostic factors, and outcomes of bacterial brain abscess, to improve the therapeutic strategy for this disease. Design: Retrospective hospital‐based epidemiology study. Methods: Over a period of 15 years (1986–2000), 123 patients were retrospectively identified as having brain abscesses at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. To compare changes over time, the appearance of disease among our patients was divided into two time periods: 1986–1993 and 1994–2000. Results: The prevalence rate of brain abscesses caused by Gram‐negative organisms significantly increased in the second study period. Viridans streptococci and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the two prevalent pathogens associated with haematogenous spread. Metastatic septic abscess, a devastating complication of K. pneumoniae septicaemia, frequently occurs in diabetic patients, with a high mortality rate. Viridans streptococci were the most prevalent pathogens from infection in paranasal sinusitis, but no fatality occurred. In recent years, head trauma and/or post‐neurosurgical states have become important predisposing factors, and nosocomial infections also play an important role. Discussion: Despite the availability of new antibiotics and the development of better neurosurgical techniques, therapeutic outcomes of brain abscess showed no significant change when comparing the two study periods, and only the presence of septic shock influenced outcome.
Here, we present constraints on extensions to the Λ CDM cosmological model from measurements of the E-mode polarization autopower spectrum and the temperature-E-mode cross-power spectrum of the ...cosmic microwave background (CMB) made using 2018 SPT-3G data. The extensions considered vary the primordial helium abundance, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, the sum of neutrino masses, the relativistic energy density and mass of a sterile neutrino, and the mean spatial curvature. We do not find clear evidence for any of these extensions, from either the SPT-3G 2018 dataset alone or in combination with baryon acoustic oscillation and Planck data. None of these model extensions significantly relax the tension between Hubble-constant, H0, constraints from the CMB and from distance-ladder measurements using Cepheids and supernovae. The addition of the SPT-3G 2018 data to Planck reduces the square-root of the determinants of the parameter covariance matrices by factors of 1.3–2.0 across these models, signaling a substantial reduction in the allowed parameter volume. We also explore CMB-based constraints on H0 from combined SPT, Planck, and ACT DR4 datasets. While individual experiments see some indications of different H0 values between the TT, TE, and EE spectra, the combined H0 constraints are consistent between the three spectra. For the full combined datasets, we report H0 = 67.49 ± 0.53 km s-1 Mpc -1, which is the tightest constraint on H0 from CMB power spectra to date and in 4.1σ tension with the most precise distance-ladder-based measurement of H0. The SPT-3G survey is planned to continue through at least 2023, with existing maps of combined 2019 and 2020 data already having ~ 3.5 x lower noise than the maps used in this analysis.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
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