Charge transport in nanostructures and thin films is fundamental to many phenomena and processes in science and technology, ranging from quantum effects and electronic correlations in mesoscopic ...physics, to integrated charge- or spin-based electronic circuits, to photoactive layers in energy research. Direct visualization of the charge flow in such structures is challenging due to their nanometer size and the itinerant nature of currents. In this work, we demonstrate noninvasive magnetic imaging of current density in two-dimensional conductor networks including metallic nanowires and carbon nanotubes. Our sensor is the electronic spin of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy center attached to a scanning tip and operated under ambient conditions. Using a differential measurement technique, we detect DC currents down to a few μA with a current density noise floor of ∼2 × 104 A/cm2. Reconstructed images have a spatial resolution of typically 50 nm, with a best-effort value of 22 nm. Current density imaging offers a new route for studying electronic transport and conductance variations in two-dimensional materials and devices, with many exciting applications in condensed matter physics and materials science.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
The first standardized, global assessment of these fishes, using Red List criteria, reveals threatened species needing protection.
There is growing concern that in spite of the healthy status of ...several epipelagic (living near the surface) fish stocks (
1
), some scombrid (tunas, bonitos, mackerels, and Spanish mackerels) and billfish (swordfish and marlins) species are heavily overfished and that there is a lack of resolve to protect against overexploitation driven by high prices (
2
–
5
). Many populations are exploited by multinational fisheries whose regulation, from a political perspective, is exceedingly difficult. Thus, assessment and management is complicated and sometimes ineffective (
4
). Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) were created to manage and conserve scombrids and billfishes because of their transnational distributions and widespread economic importance (
6
). However, species-specific catch data for many scombrids and billfishes are not collected or are aggregated with other species. Even for the larger tunas, for which relatively rich data exist, population assessments and data are complex (
1
) and are difficult to combine across RFMOs, which prompts a need for alternative means of assessment.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
We show the improvement to cosmological constraints from galaxy cluster surveys with the addition of cosmic microwave background (CMB)-cluster lensing data. We explore the cosmological ...implications of adding mass information from the 3.1
σ
detection of gravitational lensing of the CMB by galaxy clusters to the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) selected galaxy cluster sample from the 2500 deg
2
SPT-SZ survey and targeted optical and X-ray follow-up data. In the ΛCDM model, the combination of the cluster sample with the Planck power spectrum measurements prefers
σ
8
Ω
m
/
0.3
0.5
=
0.831
±
0.020
. Adding the cluster data reduces the uncertainty on this quantity by a factor of 1.4, which is unchanged whether the 3.1
σ
CMB-cluster lensing measurement is included or not. We then forecast the impact of CMB-cluster lensing measurements with future cluster catalogs. Adding CMB-cluster lensing measurements to the SZ cluster catalog of the ongoing SPT-3G survey is expected to improve the expected constraint on the dark energy equation of state
w
by a factor of 1.3 to
σ
(
w
) = 0.19. We find the largest improvements from CMB-cluster lensing measurements to be for
σ
8
, where adding CMB-cluster lensing data to the cluster number counts reduces the expected uncertainty on
σ
8
by respective factors of 2.4 and 3.6 for SPT-3G and CMB-S4.
We present the first three-frequency South Pole Telescope (SPT) cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra. The band powers presented here cover angular scales 2000 < l < 9400 in frequency bands ...centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. At these frequencies and angular scales, a combination of the primary CMB anisotropy, thermal and kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects, radio galaxies, and cosmic infrared background (CIB) contributes to the signal. We combine Planck/HFI and SPT data at 220 GHz to constrain the amplitude and shape of the CIB power spectrum and find strong evidence for nonlinear clustering. We explore the SZ results using a variety of cosmological models for the CMB and CIB anisotropies and find them to be robust with one exception: allowing for spatial correlations between the thermal SZ effect and CIB significantly degrades the SZ constraints. Neglecting this potential correlation, we find the thermal SZ power at 150 GHz and l = 3000 to be 3.65 + or - 0.69 mu K super(2), and set an upper limit on the kinetic SZ power to be less than 2.8 mu K super(2) at 95% confidence. When a correlation between the thermal SZ and CIB is allowed, we constrain a linear combination of thermal and kinetic SZ power: D super(tSZ) sub(3000) + 0.5D sub(3000) super(kSZ) = 4.60 + or - 0.63 mu K super(2), consistent with earlier measurements. We use the measured thermal SZ power and an analytic, thermal SZ model calibrated with simulations to determine sigma sub(8) = 0.807 + or - 0.016. Modeling uncertainties involving the astrophysics of the intracluster medium rather than the statistical uncertainty in the measured band powers are the dominant source of uncertainty on sigma sub(8). We also place an upper limit on the kinetic SZ power produced by patchy reionization; a companion paper uses these limits to constrain the reionization history of the universe.
Summary
Background
Scabies is a common parasitic skin condition that causes considerable morbidity globally. Clinical and epidemiological research for scabies has been limited by a lack of ...standardization of diagnostic methods.
Objectives
To develop consensus criteria for the diagnosis of common scabies that could be implemented in a variety of settings.
Methods
Consensus diagnostic criteria were developed through a Delphi study with international experts. Detailed recommendations were collected from the expert panel to define the criteria features and guide their implementation. These comments were then combined with a comprehensive review of the available literature and the opinion of an expanded group of international experts to develop detailed, evidence‐based definitions and diagnostic methods.
Results
The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies include three levels of diagnostic certainty and eight subcategories. Confirmed scabies (level A) requires direct visualization of the mite or its products. Clinical scabies (level B) and suspected scabies (level C) rely on clinical assessment of signs and symptoms. Evidence‐based, consensus methods for microscopy, visualization and clinical symptoms and signs were developed, along with a media library.
Conclusions
The 2020 IACS Criteria represent a pragmatic yet robust set of diagnostic features and methods. The criteria may be implemented in a range of research, public health and clinical settings by selecting the appropriate diagnostic levels and subcategories. These criteria may provide greater consistency and standardization for scabies diagnosis. Validation studies, development of training materials and development of survey methods are now required.
What is already known about this topic?
The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical.
Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common.
These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies.
What does this study add?
International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts.
The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings.
Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
What is already known about this topic?
The diagnosis of scabies is limited by the lack of accurate, objective tests. Microscopy of skin scrapings can confirm the diagnosis, but it is insensitive, invasive and often impractical.
Diagnosis usually relies on clinical assessment, although visualization using dermoscopy is becoming increasingly common.
These diagnostic methods have not been standardized, hampering the interpretation of findings from clinical research and epidemiological surveys, and the development of scabies control strategies.
What does this study add?
International consensus diagnostic criteria for common scabies were developed through a Delphi study with global experts.
The 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria categorize diagnosis at three levels of diagnostic certainty (confirmed, clinical and suspected scabies) and eight subcategories, and can be adapted to a range of research and public health settings.
Detailed definitions and figures are included to aid training and implementation. The 2020 IACS Criteria may facilitate the standardization of scabies diagnosis.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, is one of the most serious stored‐grain pests worldwide. Control of this moth may be achieved by interfering with olfactory pathways to disrupt ...male–female communication with sex pheromones, using plant volatiles like garlic or its active substances. Here, three odorant‐binding protein (OBP) genes namely Si. cerealella general OBP 1 (ScerGOBP1), ScerGOBP2 and Si. cerealella pheromone‐binding protein (ScerPBP) were cloned from Si. cerealella antennae, and quantitative real‐time PCR showed that these genes were predominantly expressed in adult antennae. ScerPBP expression was male‐biased, but ScerGOBP1 and ScerGOBP2 were similar between sexes. The results of competitive binding assays indicated that a garlic substance, diallyl trisulphide (DATS), had similar or even higher binding affinity to ScerPBP than Si. cerealella sex pheromone, 7Z, 11E‐hexadecadien‐1‐ol acetate (HDA). In olfactometer bioassays, DATS significantly reduced the response of adults to HDA when they were exposed to air filled with HDA and DATS. Surprisingly, ScerGOBP2, which is postulated to be involved in the detection of general odours, displayed higher affinity with HDA than did ScerPBP, indicating that ScerGOBP2 may also have a role in pheromone perception. These data suggest that DATS may interfere with recognition of female‐produced sex pheromone, disrupting female and male mating behaviour and resulting in a new idea for controlling stored grain pests.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
The contribution of depression to mortality in adults with and without HIV infection is unclear. We hypothesized that depression increases mortality risk and that this association is ...stronger among those with HIV infection.
Methods
Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) data were analysed from the first clinic visit on or after 1 April 2003 (baseline) to 30 September 2015. Depression definitions were: (1) major depressive disorder defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) codes; (2) depressive symptoms defined as Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)‐9 scores ≥ 10. The outcome was all‐cause mortality. Covariates were demographics, comorbid conditions and health behaviours.
Results
Among 129 140 eligible participants, 30% had HIV infection, 16% had a major depressive disorder diagnosis, and 24% died over a median follow‐up time of 11 years. The death rate was 25.3 95% confidence interval (CI) 25.0–25.6 deaths per 1000 person‐years. Major depressive disorder was associated with mortality hazard ratio (HR) 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.07. This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P‐value = 0.02). In HIV‐stratified analyses, depression was significantly associated with mortality among HIV‐uninfected veterans but not among those with HIV infection. Among those with PHQ‐9 data (n = 7372), 50% had HIV infection, 22% had PHQ‐9 scores ≥ 10, and 28% died over a median follow‐up time of 12 years. The death rate was 27.3 (95% CI 26.1–28.5) per 1000 person‐years. Depressive symptoms were associated with mortality (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.04, 1.28). This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P‐value = 0.05). In HIV‐stratified analyses, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with mortality among veterans with HIV infection but not among those without HIV infection.
Conclusions
Depression was associated with all‐cause mortality. This association was modified by HIV status and method of depression ascertainment.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Addition of cetuximab showed trend, but not significantly, to improve the therapeutic effects of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin combination for advanced biliary tract cancer in current randomized phase ...II trial. The trend of improvement did not correlate with KRAS mutation status. Biomarkers finding for selecting patients who will benefit most from anti-EGFR targeted therapy is warranted.
Previous clinical trials have not proved that adding epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors to chemotherapy confers a survival benefit for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (ABTC). Whether the KRAS mutation status of tumor cells confounded the results of past studies is unknown.
ABTC patients stratified by KRAS status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and primary tumor location were randomized 1 : 1 to receive GEMOX (800 mg/m2 gemcitabine and 85 mg/m2 oxaliplatin) or C-GEMOX (500 mg/m2 cetuximab plus GEMOX) every 2 weeks. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR).
The study enrolled 122 patients between December 2010 and May 2012 (62 treated with C-GEMOX and 60 with GEMOX). Compared with GEMOX alone, C-GEMOX was associated with trend to better ORR (27% versus 15%; P = 0.12) and progression-free survival (PFS, 6.7 versus 4.1 months; P = 0.05), but not overall survival (OS, 10.6 versus 9.8 months; P = 0.91). KRAS mutations, which were detected in 36% of tumor samples, did not affect the trends of difference in ORR and PFS between C-GEMOX and GEMOX. The two treatment arms had similar adverse events, except that more patients had skin rashes, allergic reactions, and neutropenia in the C-GEMOX arm. Of patients with C-GEMOX, the presence of a grade 2 or 3 skin rash was associated with significantly better ORR, PFS, and OS.
Addition of cetuximab did not significantly improve the ORR of GEMOX chemotherapy in ABTC, although a trend of PFS improvement was observed. The trend of improvement did not correlate with KRAS mutation status.
This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01267344). All patients gave written informed consent.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
Background
Studies on the risks of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are limited. We evaluated the effects of SLE on ...the risks of developing DVT and PE in a nationwide, population‐based cohort study in Taiwan.
Methods
We randomly selected patients without SLE from the National Health Insurance database (N = 23.74 million), and frequency‐matched four of them, on the basis of age, sex, and index year, to each SLE patient in the catastrophic illness registry of the NHI who was diagnosed with SLE between 1998 and 2008. Using a follow‐up period ending in 2010, we analyzed the risks of DVT and PE with a Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis.
Results
The 13 084 SLE patients (87.9% women; mean age of 35.6 years) and 52 336 controls were followed for 90 237 and 379 185 person‐years, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities, the SLE patients' risks of developing DVT and PE were 12.8‐fold and 19.7‐fold higher, respectively, than those of the comparison cohort. The risks of DVT and PE increased in both study groups when the data were stratified on the basis of sex, age, and comorbidities. The SLE patients aged ≤ 35 years had the highest risks of developing DVT and PE. The multiplicative increased risks of DVT and PE were also significant in SLE patients with any comorbidity.
Conclusion
The risks of DVT and PE are significantly higher in SLE patients than in the general population.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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