Sodium metal with a high theoretical specific capacity (∼1166 mA h g
−1
) and low redox potential (−2.71 V) shows tremendous application prospects in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs). However, studies ...of SMBs in extreme environments, especially at low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT), have not received enough emphasis, and few reviews have summarize them. More seriously, some mechanistic issues, such as nucleation and deposition behavior, dendrite growth, interfacial chemistry and an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), are perplexing. Herein, we start with the operation fundamentals of SMBs, simultaneously point out the obstacles faced by SMBs in different environments and propose various targeted optimization strategies, including construction of a three-dimensional (3D) framework, design of an artificial SEI and optimization of the liquid (solid-state) electrolyte/metal anode interface. Each strategy starts with carefully selected cases and then moves to illustrate the nucleation and deposition behavior of Na
+
in the structure. Finally, we point out challenges, strategies and outlooks for the future practical applications of wide-temperature-range SMBs. Overall, this review provides a design guide for SMBs with high energy density, long lifespan, low-cost and high security, and could inspire more researchers to focus on the mechanism of batteries in extreme environments.
This review comprehensively summarizes the operation fundamentals of SMBs in different environments and proposes various targeted optimization strategies.
Lysozyme is a key effector molecule of the innate immune system in both vertebrate and invertebrate. It is classified into six types, one of which is the goose-type (g-type). To date, no study on ...g-type lysozyme in crustacean has been documented. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a g-type lysozyme (named LysG1) from the shrimp inhabiting a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Manus Basin. LysG1 possesses conserved structural features of g-type lysozymes. The recombinant LysG1 (rLysG1) exhibited no muramidase activity and killed selectively Gram-negative bacteria in a manner that depended on temperature, pH, and metal ions. rLysG1 bound target bacteria via interaction with bacterial cell wall components, notably lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and induced cellular membrane permeabilization, which eventually caused cell lysis. The endotoxin-binding capacity enabled rLysG1 to alleviate the inflammatory response induced by LPS. Mutation analysis showed that the bacterial binding and killing activities of rLysG1 required the integrity of the conserved α3 and 4 helixes of the protein. Together, these results provide the first insight into the activity and working mechanism of g-type lysozyme in crustacean and deep-sea organisms.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Inter-individual variability possesses a major challenge in the regulation of hypnosis in anesthesia. Understanding the variability towards anesthesia effect is expected to assist the design of ...controller for anesthesia regulation. However, such studies are still very scarce in the literature. This study aims to analyze the inter-individual variability in propofol pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model and proposed a suitable controller to tackle the variability. This study employed Sobol’ sensitivity analysis to identify significance parameters in propofol PK/PD model that affects the model output Bispectral Index (BIS). Parameters’ range is obtained from reported clinical data. Based on the finding, a multi-model generalized predictive controller was proposed to regulate propofol in tackling patient variability.
C
e
50
(concentration that produces 50% of the maximum effect) was found to have a highly-determining role on the uncertainty of BIS. In addition, the Hill coefficient,
γ
, was found to be significant when there is a drastic input, especially during the induction phase. Both of these parameters only affect the process gain upon model linearization. Therefore, a predictive controller based on switching of model with different process gain is proposed. Simulation result shows that it is able to give a satisfactory performance across a wide population. Both the parameters
C
e
50
and
γ
, which are unknown before anesthesia procedure, were found to be highly significant in contributing the uncertainty of BIS. Their range of variability must be considered during the design and evaluation of controller. A linear controller may be sufficient to tackle most of the variability since both
C
e
50
and
γ
would be translated into process gain upon linearization.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Sleep has attracted extensive attention due to its significance in health. However, its association with erectile dysfunction (ED) is insufficiently investigated. To investigate the potential causal ...links between sleep traits (insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype) and ED, this study was performed. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with insomnia, sleep duration, and chronotype were retrieved from previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A conventional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to estimate the causal links between sleep traits and ED. The summary statistics of ED were from individuals of European ancestry (6175 cases vs 217 630 controls). As shown by the random effect inverse-variance-weighting (IVW) estimator, genetically predicted insomnia was causally associated with a 1.15-fold risk of ED (95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.23, P < 0.001). Sleep duration and morningness were not causally associated with ED, as indicated by the IVW (all P > 0.05). These findings were consistent with the results of sensitivity analyses. Based on genetic data, this study provides causal evidence that genetically predicted insomnia increases the risk of ED, whereas sleep duration and chronotype do not.
Carbon prices are low and fluctuate greatly since Chinese carbon emissions trading scheme pilots were operated. This paper discusses the price drivers in the pilots, using structural breaks test and ...autoregressive distributed lag model. The results indicate that oversupply of allowances, low auction prices and use of China certified emission reductions will cause remarkable decline on carbon prices; the expansion of carbon market and centralized trading will rise carbon prices. Oil prices are positively correlated with carbon prices, and coal prices are negatively related with carbon prices. Carbon-intensive product prices also affect carbon prices. Chemical prices are positively linked with carbon prices in Shenzhen, while negatively related with those in Beijing and Shanghai, for differences in sectoral coverage. Nonferrous prices have positive impacts on carbon prices in Beijing but negative impacts on those in Shenzhen, for differences in industrial structure. Financial markets and weather have limited impacts on carbon prices. Our results provide policy implications for the development of pilots and the national carbon market.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Carbon emissions trading is being used by more and more countries or regions to solve the global warming problem. The establishment of China’s carbon market mechanism is still under exploration and ...improvement. This paper focuses on the price determination mechanism in the carbon market. Based on the price theories, we analyze the theoretical basis of the carbon price formation and the carbon price transmission mechanism from the perspective of the agents that affect carbon price. From these angles including residents’ demands, enterprises’ actual emissions and indirect effects on residents’ demands, the government’s setting for carbon market institutions and indirect effects on residents and enterprises, as well as energy markets and financial markets, we analyze how these factors influence the carbon price. In turn, we discuss how carbon price affects the enterprise costs, energy-saving technologies and residents’ welfare. Besides, we summarize the current price mechanism of domestic and overseas major carbon markets. Finally, based on the current research on carbon price theory and its influencing factors, we also present some further directions on carbon price mechanism and influencing factors including China’s carbon market price mechanism design, the quantitative analysis of carbon price factors and improvement of carbon price theory.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Stretchable polymer semiconductors are an essential component for skin‐inspired electronics. However, the lack of scalable patterning capability of stretchable polymer semiconductors limits the ...development of stretchable electronics. To address this issue, photo‐curable stretchable polymer blends consisting of a high‐mobility donor–acceptor conjugated polymer and an elastic rubber through thiol–ene chemistry are developed. The thiol–ene reaction can selectively cross‐link the rubber with alkene or vinyl groups without damaging the electronic properties of the conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer chains embedded in the elastic polymer matrix induce a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN). The thiol–ene‐cross‐linked network provides great solvent resistance and enhances stretchability for the embedded conjugated polymer. The well‐defined patterned film with a feature size of ≈10 µm can be obtained using UV light at 365 nm through conventional photolithography processes. Furthermore, the SIPN‐based transistors show increased mobilities from 0.61 to 1.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 when applying the strain from 0% to 100%. Moreover, the hole mobility can still maintain at 0.87 cm2 V−1 s−1 after 1000 strain‐and‐release cycles at the strain of 25%. This study sheds light on the molecular design of photo‐curable polymer semiconductors for the mass production of stretchable circuits.
Stretchable polymer semiconductors are an essential component for skin‐inspired electronics. However, the lack of scalable patterning capability of stretchable polymer semiconductors limits the development of stretchable electronics. To address this issue, a photo‐patternable stretchable semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) through thiol–ene chemistry is developed. This work provides a way to design photo‐curable polymer semiconductors for the mass production of large‐scale stretchable circuits.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
9.
Island formula in Planck brane Chang, Jing-Cheng; He, Song; Liu, Yu-Xiao ...
The journal of high energy physics,
11/2023, Volume:
2023, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A
bstract
Double holography offers a profound understanding of the island formula by describing a gravitational system on AdS
d
coupled to a conformal field theory on ℝ
1,
d−
1
, dual to an AdS
d
+1
...spacetime with an end-of-the-world (EOW) brane. In this work, we extend the proposal in 12 by considering that the dual bulk spacetime has two EOW branes: one with a gravitational system and the other with a thermal bath. We demonstrate an equivalence between this proposal and the wedge holographic theory. We examine it in both Anti-de Sitter gravity and de Sitter gravity by calculating the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation. Finally, we employ the doubly holographic model to verify the formula for the entanglement entropy in a subregion within conformally flat spacetime.
Rationally optimizing the photoluminescence performance via accurate structural modulation is one of most important and challenging issues for hybrid halides. Herein, a viable crystal dimensional ...reduction strategy is proposed to reasonably enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of hybrid antimony halide. Specifically, a synthetic technique is developed and new 1D DMPZSbCl5 ∙ H2O (DP‐SbCl5) is sliced to 0D DMPZ2SbCl6 ∙ Cl ∙ (H2O)2 (DP‐SbCl6) with crystal dimensional reduction from infinite SbCl52− chain to discrete SbCl63− octahedron. Comparing with nonluminescent 1D DP‐SbCl5, 0D DP‐SbCl6 displays highly efficient broadband yellow light emission with enhanced PLQY up to 75.94%. First‐principles calculation demonstrates that 0D DP‐SbCl6 features more flat and narrow band structure, which promotes the photoelectron localization and increases the quantum confinement, and finally boosts the luminescence efficiency. Together highly efficient and ultra‐stable luminescence performance enable DP‐SbCl6 as excellent down‐conversion broadband yellow phosphor to successfully fabricate white light emitting diodes with a high color rendering index of 92. This work provides a novel structural modulation strategy of crystal dimensional reduction to rationally optimize the PL performance of hybrid metal halides.
With controllable structural evolution from 1D to 0D hybrid antimony halides, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) realizes a notable enhancement from <1% to 75.94% in yellow spectral region benefitting from more localized photoelectrons and increased quantum confinement. This work provides a structural platform to verify the feasibility of crystal dimensionality reduction strategy to rationally improve the PLQY of metal halides.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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