Hwang, S-L., Hwang, J-S., Yang, Y-T., Hsieh, W. A., Chang, T-C., Guo, H-R., Tsai, M-H., Tang, J-L. Lin, I-F. and Chang, W. P. Estimates of Relative Risks for Cancers in a Population after Prolonged ...Low-Dose-Rate Radiation Exposure: A Follow-up Assessment from 1983 to 2005. Radiat. Res. 170, 143–148 (2008). Radiation effects on cancer risks in a cohort of Taiwanese residents who received protracted low-dose-rate γ-radiation exposures from 60Co-contaminated reinforcing steel used to build their apartments were studied, and risks were compared to those in other radiation-exposed cohorts. Analyses were based on a more extended follow-up of the cohort population in which 117 cancer cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2005 among 6,242 people with an average excess cumulative exposure estimate of about 48 mGy. Cases were identified from Taiwan's National Cancer Registry. Radiation effects on cancer risk were estimated using proportional hazards models and were summarized in terms of the hazard ratio associated with a 100-mGy increase in dose (HR100mGy). A significant radiation risk was observed for leukemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia (HR100mGy 1.19, 90% CI 1.01–1.31). Breast cancer exhibited a marginally significant dose response (HR100mGy 1.12, 90% CI 0.99–1.21). The results further strengthen the association between protracted low-dose radiation and cancer risks, especially for breast cancers and leukemia, in this unique cohort population.
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Despite being highly recognized as an antitumor candidate due to its high potency in binding to DNA topoisomerase I and inhibiting of DNA relegation, full clinical application of camptothecin is ...unfortunately hampered by its poor solubility in aqueous medium and by the adverse effects caused by its hydrolyzed product under physiological conditions. In an attempt to increase its effective solubility, nanomicelles formed through self-assembly of copolymers by polymer-drug conjugate or by physical envelopment have recently been established to improve the efficacy of many drugs. This review provides the most up-to-date information available relating novel nanomicelles technology to the improvement and realization of the full potential of camptothecin. In particular, physicochemical and biological properties of camptothecin and its derivatives, the controlled factors of micelle formation, the techniques of drug encapsulation, and the structure-properties of nanomicelles are elucidated and discussed. Undoubtedly, polymer nanomicelle carriers can be selectively delivered to tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Moreover, micelles with smart functions such as stimulus-responsive and specific drug targeting may enhance the activity of potent bioactive compounds, facilitating their clinical applications.
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A rapid total fat quantitation method for sunflower oil powder was developed using time domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR). Currently, industry has three major methods for the total fat ...quantitation: gravimetric analysis after ether extraction (AOAC 933.05 and 989.05), gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID AOAC 996.06), and high resolution NMR. The gravimetric analysis method takes a day using highly flammable solvents, and the GC-FID method takes two days requiring harsh chemicals for hydrolyzation, extraction, and methylation. High resolution NMR spectroscopy method requires simpler sample preparation and shorter analysis time compared to the other two methods. Often, only required sample preparation step is to dissolve a sample in a solvent. The acquisition time depends on types of analyzing nuclei and sample. The vegetable oil analysis by 13C NMR takes about four hours per sample. 1H NMR usually takes less time to analyze. In contrast, TD-NMR relaxometry method takes only an hour to prepare and analyze samples if the test is for total fat only. The acquisition time is 40 s per sample, and samples are analyzed "as is". A rapid analysis method in a quality control laboratory is very crucial for laboratory efficiency in releasing products. In this paper, a single-laboratory validation study is described for a rapid TD-NMR method to quantitate total fat in sunflower oil powder.
This validation work is to provide documented evidence for the method validity as well as the method performance.
The method used Bruker minispec mq-20 NMR analyzer® with minispec plus® software. Hahn-echo pulse program was used in the method to collect spin echo signal to determine total fat content.
The linearity/range result from ten standards (0, 21, 42, 63, 83, 92, 100, 108, 117, and 125%) has the coefficients of determination (R2) of 1.0000. The 100% level is 1.2 g of fat in 2.5 g sample, which is targeted fat content in a sunflower oil powder raw material. The method is specific for the quantitation of total fat in sunflower oil powder with no background interference from the matrix. The precision result of the six replicate samples at 100% level is 0.3% RSD. The accuracies measured from triplicate analysis of 80, 100, and 120% sample matrices are 100, 100, and 100% average recoveries, respectively. The ruggedness of the test method is 0.4% RSD of 12 analysis from two analysts (6 results from each analyst) on the different days.
The test method is proven to be specific, linear, precise, accurate, rugged, and suitable for intended use of quantitative analysis for total fat in sunflower oil powder.
Traditional methods of gravimetric or GC-FID for total fat analysis of raw materials require lengthy sample preparation and experiment time. Laboratory needs to spend a day to perform gravimetric analysis following ether extraction method and 2 days for GC-FID method. In addition, these test methods use highly flammable and harsh chemicals that generate hazardous chemical wastes. These hazardous wastes are harmful to analysts and environments. In contrast, TD-NMR method is safe, environmentally friendly, and fast. Therefore, TD-NMR is a preferred method for quality control laboratories.
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To analyze vision outcomes after open globe injury and propose modifications to the ocular trauma score to offer more specific vision prognoses.
Validity and reliability analysis.
Patients presenting ...to the University of Florida with a new open globe injury from October 2015 to January 2021 with subsequent follow-up were included in the study. Demographics, ophthalmic history, trauma details, timeline, imaging, operative findings, and ocular examinations were collected from the medical record. Z tests, χ2 test, Fisher exact test, receiver operating characteristic curve, and ordinal correlation were used. A weighted logistic model was optimized to predict vision outcomes. Measured outcomes included the best-corrected visual acuity, Ocular Trauma Score category, and performance of vision prognosis scores.
A total of 162 eyes were identified from chart review. Eighty percent of the Ocular Trauma Score categories were accurate. Only the absence of orbital fractures was associated with a significant weight in the logistic model, which produced more accurate prognoses for 59 patients, and less accurate prognoses for 30 patients compared to the Ocular Trauma Score. Kendall Tau-B was 0.639 for the logistic model and 0.582 for the Ocular Trauma Score.
The Ocular Trauma Score accurately estimates vision prognosis after open globe injury. We propose inclusion of orbital fracture status in our Modified Florida Ocular Trauma Score. This addended score is more correlated with final vision outcome and provides more specific prognoses for severe open globe injuries. Prospective, multicenter validation is needed to refine and confirm the use of this new scoring system.
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The high-quality images are accompanied by detailed comments and also, where appropriate, by color photos, visual fields, fluorescein angiography, or optical coherence tomography.
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In this paper, cellulose nanoparticles (CN) were coagulated from a NaOH/urea/H
2O solution of microcrystalline cellulose (MC) using an ethanol/HCl aqueous solution as the precipitant. CN ranged in ...size from about 50 to 100
nm. Compared to MC, CN formed a new crystalline lattice of cellulose II. The glycerol plasticized-wheat starch (GPS)/CN nanocomposites were prepared using CN as filler in GPS matrix by a casting process. At a low loading level, CN was dispersed evenly in the GPS matrix. The tensile strength increased from 3.15 to 10.98
MPa when CN content went from 0 to 5
wt.%. CN may increase the thermal stability of GPS/CN composites. Moreover, water vapor permeability decreased from 5.75
×
10
−10 to 3.43
×
10
−10
g
m
−1
s
−1
Pa
−1. The improvements in these properties may be attributed to the good interaction between CN filler and GPS matrix because of the similar polysaccharide structures of cellulose and starch.
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To compare outcomes of
XEN gelatin stent (Allergan, Dublin, Ireland) implantation vs trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC).
A retrospective review was conducted of eyes that underwent standalone XEN ...implantation or trabeculectomy with MMC at a single institution from 2014 to 2019. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, glaucoma medications, complications, and postoperative interventions were evaluated. The primary endpoint was the reduction in IOP at 6 months postoperatively. Secondary endpoints included the incidence of postoperative intervention and complications.
One hundred and seventy-nine eyes were included who underwent XEN (
= 90) or trabeculectomy (
= 89). The mean age was 74.5 ± 7.6 and 68.1 ± 8.2 years old for the XEN and trab groups, respectively (
< 0.001). Baseline IOP for XEN was 17.8 ± 6.0 vs 20.4 ± 9.0 mm Hg for the trab group (
= 0.03). At 6 months, mean IOP for XEN group was 13.5 ± 5.9 mm Hg, representing a 24.1% IOP reduction from baseline (
< 0.001) while mean for trab group was 10.8 ± 4.8 representing a 47% IOP reduction from baseline (
< 0.001). The mean IOP was 2.7 mm Hg lower in trab compared to the XEN group at 6 months (
< 0.003). The number of medications was reduced in both groups from 2.9 ± 1.1 and 3.1 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 2.3 and 0.8 ± 1.4 by 6 months postoperatively for XEN and trab groups, respectively (
< 0.001). Complication rates were low for both groups. The needling rate was 30% in XEN vs 7.9% in the trab group (
< 0.001), and 46.1% of eyes in the trab group underwent laser suture lysis. Additionally, IOP reduction and complication rates were similar following XEN in eyes receiving <40 or ≥40 μg of MMC.
XEN implantation produces a substantial reduction in IOP with a favorable safety profile comparable to trabeculectomy. Careful postoperative bleb management is critical to obtain optimum outcomes, and higher MMC doses appear safe and may reduce needling rates.
This study confirms the safety and efficacy of XEN gelatin stent implantation in comparison to trabeculectomy with MMC.
Sharpe R, Pham G, Chang P. Comparison of
XEN Gelatin Stent vs Trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C: A Retrospective Study. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2020;14(3):87-92.
The influence of genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes on micronucleus frequencies in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was assessed through a pooled analysis of data from
seven ...laboratories that did biomonitoring studies using the in vivo cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. A total of 301 nonoccupationally exposed individuals (207 males and 94 females) and
343 workers (237 males and 106 females) occupationally exposed to known or suspected genotoxic substances were analyzed by
Poisson regression. The results of the pooled analysis indicate that the GSTT1 null subjects had lower micronucleus frequencies than their positive counterparts in the total population (frequency ratio,
0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.89). The protective effect of this genotype is reversed with increasing age, with a
frequency ratio of 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.68) in subjects aged 60 years. A significant overall increase in
micronucleus frequency with age and gender ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively) was observed, females having higher micronucleus frequencies than males, when occupationally exposed
( P = 0.002). Nonoccupationally exposed smokers had lower micronucleus frequencies than nonsmokers ( P = 0.001), whereas no significant difference in micronucleus level was observed between smokers and nonsmokers in the occupationally
exposed group ( P = 0.79). This study confirms that pooled analyses, by increasing the statistical power, are adequate for assessing the involvement
of genetic variants on genome stability and for resolving discrepancies among individual studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2006;15(5):1038–42)
The induction of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes is recognized as an effective strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Here, we report that 3-morpholinopropyl ...isothiocyanate (3MP-ITC) is an exceptionally strong chemical inducer of these enzymes. Exposure of 3MP-ITC in HepG2C8 cells not only induced endogenous Nrf2 protein but also suppressed endogenous Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, resulting in an increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Using chemical inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) and 26S proteosomal degradation (MG-132), we observed that the induction of Nrf2 protein by 3MP-ITC appeared to be post-translationally regulated. 3MP-ITC activated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 and the activation of antioxidant response element (ARE) by 3MP-ITC was significantly attenuated by chemical inhibition of PKC and PI3K signaling pathways in HepG2C8 cells. Treatment with 3MP-ITC significantly depleted the intracellular level of glutathione (GSH) in HepG2C8 cells and oral administration of 3MP-ITC increased the protein expression of hepatic NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase-1 and Nrf2 in Nrf2 (+/+) but not in Nrf2 (−/−) mice, whereas UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 was induced in both genotypes. Our results indicate that 3MP-ITC is a novel ITC that strongly induces Nrf2-dependent ARE-mediated detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in vitro and in vivo via the Nrf2 signaling pathway coupled with GSH depletion and activation of multiple signaling kinase pathways, which could be potentially useful agent for cancer chemoprevention.
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