Solid‐state transistor sensors that can detect biomolecules in real time are highly attractive for emerging bioanalytical applications. However, combining upscalable manufacturing with the required ...performance remains challenging. Here, an alternative biosensor transistor concept is developed, which relies on a solution‐processed In2O3/ZnO semiconducting heterojunction featuring a geometrically engineered tri‐channel architecture for the rapid, real‐time detection of important biomolecules. The sensor combines a high electron mobility channel, attributed to the electronic properties of the In2O3/ZnO heterointerface, in close proximity to a sensing surface featuring tethered analyte receptors. The unusual tri‐channel design enables strong coupling between the buried electron channel and electrostatic perturbations occurring during receptor–analyte interactions allowing for robust, real‐time detection of biomolecules down to attomolar (am) concentrations. The experimental findings are corroborated by extensive device simulations, highlighting the unique advantages of the heterojunction tri‐channel design. By functionalizing the surface of the geometrically engineered channel with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibody receptors, real‐time detection of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike S1 protein down to am concentrations is demonstrated in under 2 min in physiological relevant conditions.
A solution‐processed metal oxide heterojunction channel with a geometrically engineered tri‐channel architecture several millimeters in size, is developed and used as a generic platform for robust, selective, and ultrasensitive detection of various biomolecules. As a proof‐of‐concept, selective sensing of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein down to attomolar concentrations in under 2 min is demonstrated.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ultracold atoms confined to periodic potentials have proven to be a powerful tool for quantum simulation of complex many-body systems. We confine fermions to one dimension to realize the ...Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid model, which describes the highly collective nature of their low-energy excitations. We use Bragg spectroscopy to directly excite either the spin or charge waves for various strengths of repulsive interaction. We observe that the velocity of the spin and charge excitations shift in opposite directions with increasing interaction, a hallmark of spin-charge separation. The excitation spectra are in quantitative agreement with the exact solution of the Yang-Gaudin model and the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid theory. Furthermore, we identify effects of nonlinear corrections to this theory that arise from band curvature and back-scattering.
Separating spin and charge
In one-dimensional fermionic systems, spin and charge excitations can decouple from each other. This so-called spin-charge separation has been detected in solids and cold-atom systems held in optical lattices. Senaratne
et al
. observed spin-charge separation in one-dimensional Fermi gases of lithium atoms in the absence of a lattice structure within the gas. The researchers were able to excite the spin and charge excitation modes independently from each other and measure their velocities as a function of the strength of the atomic interactions. —JS
Bragg spectroscopy is used to measure the velocities of spin and charge excitations in a one-dimensional Fermi gas of atomic lithium.
Designing efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts for water and urea splitting to produce green hydrogen presents a significant yet worthwhile challenge. Herein, the morphology and electronic ...structure of cobalt metaphosphate (Co2P4O12) by vanadium (V) doping, resulting in improved electrocatalytic activity and stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) are simultaneously regulated. Theory calculations show that V‐doped Co2P4O12 (V‐Co2P4O12) can boost the kinetics of catalytic reactions by optimizing the d‐band center of Co atoms and the binding strength of intermediates, as well as enhancing the density of states. Moreover, the doping of V into Co2P4O12 crystalline structure benefits the formation of a thicker amorphous layer during the catalytic process, which could enhance its alkaline corrosion resistance and stability. Additionally, the multilevel nanostructures of V‐Co2P4O12 provide rich active sites for catalytic reactions. As a result, a two‐electrode electrolyzer assembled by V‐doped Co2P4O12 delivers low voltages for overall water and urea splitting. The superior performance suggests that the proposed V‐doping strategy is a promising way to regulate electrocatalytic activity for catering to green electrocatalytic applications.
The morphology and electronic structure of the Co2P4O12 catalyst are simultaneously regulated by V doping, which endows the catalyst with enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) performance. Thanks to the excellent trifunctional catalytic performance, the assembled two‐electrode electrolyzers enable efficient overall water and urea splitting at low overpotentials.
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Remote sensing has been used as an important means of estimating crop production, especially for the estimation of crop yield in the middle and late growth period. In order to further improve the ...accuracy of estimating winter wheat yield through remote sensing, this study analyzed the quantitative relationship between satellite remote sensing variables obtained from HJ-CCD images and the winter wheat yield, and used the partial least square (PLS) algorithm to construct and validate the multivariate remote sensing models of estimating the yield. The research showed a close relationship between yield and most remote sensing variables. Significant multiple correlations were also recorded between most remote sensing variables. The optimal principal components numbers of PLS models used to estimate yield were 4. Green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and plant senescence reflectance index (PSRI) were sensitive variables for yield remote sensing estimation. Through model development and model validation evaluation, the yield estimation model's coefficients of determination (R
) were 0.81 and 0.74 respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) were 693.9 kg ha
and 786.5 kg ha
. It showed that the PLS algorithm model estimates the yield better than the linear regression (LR) and principal components analysis (PCA) algorithms. The estimation accuracy was improved by more than 20% than the LR algorithm, and was 13% higher than the PCA algorithm. The results could provide an effective way to improve the estimation accuracy of winter wheat yield by remote sensing, and was conducive to large-area application and promotion.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is one of the most important vegetation indices in crop remote sensing. It features a simple, fast, and non-destructive method and has been widely used ...in remote monitoring of crop growing status. Beer-Lambert law is widely used in calculating crop leaf area index (LAI), however, it is time-consuming detection and low in output. Our objective was to improve the accuracy of monitoring LAI through remote sensing by integrating NDVI and Beer-Lambert law. In this study, the Beer-Lambert law was firstly modified to construct a monitoring model with NDVI as the independent variable. Secondly, experimental data of wheat from different years and various plant types (erectophile, planophile and middle types) was used to validate the modified model. The results showed that at 130 DAS (days after sowing), the differences in NDVI, leaf area index (LAI) and extinction coefficient (k) of the three plant types with significantly different leaf orientation values (LOVs) reached the maximum. The NDVI of the planophile-type wheat reached saturation earlier than that of the middle and erectophile types. The undetermined parameters of the model (LAI = -ln (a
× NDVI + b
)/(a
× NDVI + b
)) were related to the plant type of wheat. For the erectophile-type cultivars (LOV ≥ 60°), the parameters for the modified model were, a
= 0.306, a
= -0.534, b
= -0.065, and b
= 0.541. For the middle-type cultivars (30° < LOV < 60°), the parameters were, a
= 0.392, a
= -0.88
, b
= 0.028, and b
= 0.845. And for the planophile-type cultivars (LOV ≤ 30°), those parameters were, a
= 0.596, a
= -1.306, b
= 0.014, and b
= 1.130. Verification proved that the modified model based on integrating NDVI and Beer-Lambert law was better than Beer-Lambert law model only or NDVI-LAI direct model only. It was feasible to quantitatively monitor the LAI of different plant-type wheat by integrating NDVI and Beer-Lambert law, especially for erectophile-type wheat (R
= 0.905, RMSE = 0.36, RE = 0.10). The monitoring model proposed in this study can accurately reflect the dynamic changes of plant canopy structure parameters, and provides a novel method for determining plant LAI.
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A new MOF-74(Ni)/NiOOH heterogeneous composite was synthesized via NiOOH microsphere precursor. The electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reactions' (MOR) performance was assessed. The as-prepared ...MOF-74(Ni)/NiOOH exhibited excellent activity with high peak current density (27.62 mA·cm
) and high mass activity (243.8 mA·mg
). The enhanced activity could be a result of the synergistic effect of the MOF-74(Ni)/NiOOH heterocomposite providing more exposed active sites, a beneficial diffusion path between the catalyst surface and electrolyte, and improved conductivity, favorable for improving MOR performance.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) protect the endothelial barrier complex and survival, implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) via paracrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). However, ...the mechanism of HGF in endothelial regulation remains unclear. Here, we introduced a coculture protocol of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and overexpression of the HGF gene of MSCs (MSC‐HGF). Immunofluorescence and endothelial permeability analysis revealed that MSC‐HGF protected endothelial tight junction protein occludin expression and attenuated cellular permeability as well as endothelial apoptosis. To investigate the novel mechanism mammalian TOR (mTOR)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT‐3) signaling in HGF protective effects against endothelial barrier and apoptosis, we used recombinant mouse HGF in endothelial cells. In addition, we used mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to inhibit the mTOR pathway. Our study demonstrated that rapamycin decreased the protective effects of HGF on the endothelium by decreasing tight junction protein occludin expression and cell proliferation, and raising lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endothelial permeability, endothelial cell injury factors ET‐1 and vWF. Similarly, the protective effects of HGF on reducing endothelial barrier and apoptosis were weakened when PMVECs were treated with the STAT‐3 inhibitor S3I‐201. Moreover, mTOR/STAT‐3 were activated by HGF demonstrated as raising mTOR (Ser2448) and STAT3 (Ser727) phosphorylation proteins, leading to endothelial barrier improvement and survival. Reversely, rapamycin or S3I‐201 inhibited mTOR/STAT‐3 activation. Taken together, our findings highlight that the activation of the mTOR/STAT‐3 pathway provides novel mechanistic insights into MSC‐secreted HGF protection against LPS‐induced vascular endothelial permeability dysfunction and apoptosis, which contributes to decreasing microvascular loss and lung injury.
Our findings highlight that activating mammalian TOR (mTOR)/ signal transducer and transcription 3 (STAT‐3) pathway provides novel mechanistic insights into mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐secreted hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protective against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced vascular endothelial permeability dysfunction and apoptosis, which contributes to decreasing microvascular loss and lung injury.
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Cellular behavior is crucially dependent on the biophysical and biochemical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), in which the properties of biochemistry, topography, and ...mechanics are critically important and dominantly studied. Since its introduction by Decher and Lvov in the early 1990s, layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technology has received considerable interest for constructing polymeric thin films in both academic and industrial studies. The technology has been especially important in applications involving biomedical materials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. In recent years, because of outstanding flexibility and multipotency, polymeric LbL thin films have been extensively studied to create a biomimetic cellular microenvironment with one or more biophysical and biochemical properties. The field has moved from simple mimicking to active control of various cellular behaviors. This review first introduces the basic background of the natural cellular microenvironment, the LbL assembly, and progress in polymeric LbL thin films. Next, biomimetic films constructed using the LbL technique are introduced. The biochemical components, topographical features, and mechanical properties of the films are detailed. Furthermore, progress in thin LbL films for controlling cell behavior, such as cell adhesion, stem cell differentiation, and cell-cell interactions, are highlighted. Finally, the review closes with a summary and a brief outlook of the opportunities and challenges associated with polymeric LbL thin films for advancing promising future developments.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Oranges are an important nutritional source for human health and have immense economic value. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). The ...assembled sequence covers 87.3% of the estimated orange genome, which is relatively compact, as 20% is composed of repetitive elements. We predicted 29,445 protein-coding genes, half of which are in the heterozygous state. With additional sequencing of two more citrus species and comparative analyses of seven citrus genomes, we present evidence to suggest that sweet orange originated from a backcross hybrid between pummelo and mandarin. Focused analysis on genes involved in vitamin C metabolism showed that GalUR, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of the galacturonate pathway, is significantly upregulated in orange fruit, and the recent expansion of this gene family may provide a genomic basis. This draft genome represents a valuable resource for understanding and improving many important citrus traits in the future.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The association between chemotherapy-induced leukopenia (CIL) and survival for patients with early breast cancer (EBC) is not known. We investigated the relationship between different grades of CIL ...and survival in patients with EBC receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.
A total of 442 patients with EBC receiving a regimen containing an anthracycline (A) and taxane (T) were included into our analysis. Survival analyses were undertaken using Kaplan-Meier curves. The P-value was calculated using the log rank test. Subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation of CIL grade and survival based on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients. Afterwards, univariate and multivariate analyses screened out independent prognostic factors to construct a prognostic model, the robustness of which was verified.
Patients with EBC who experienced grade 2-4 ("moderate" and "severe") CIL were associated with longer overall survival (OS) than those with grade 0-1 (mild) CIL (P = 0.021). Compared with patients with mild CIL, OS was longer in patients with severe CIL (P = 0.029). Patients who suffered from moderate CIL tended to have longer OS than those with mild CIL (P = 0.082). Nevertheless, there was no distinguishable difference in OS between moderate- or severe-CIL groups. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with moderate CIL had longer OS than those with mild CIL among patients who were premenstrual, or with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+), > 3 lymph nodes with metastases, a tumor diameter > 5 cm. A prognostic model based on menstrual status, N stage, and CIL grade showed satisfactory robustness.
The grade of CIL was strongly associated with the prognosis among patients with EBC who received a regimen containing both anthracyclines and taxanes. Patients with a "moderate" CIL grade tended to have better survival outcomes.
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