An artificial while very stable solid electrolyte interphase film is formed on lithium metal using an electrochemical strategy. When this protected Li anode is first used in a Li–O2 battery, the film ...formed on the anode can effectively suppress the parasitic reactions on the Li anode/electrolyte interface and significantly enhance the cycling stability of the Li–O2 battery.
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The pressing demand on the electronic vehicles with long driving range on a single charge has necessitated the development of next‐generation high‐energy‐density batteries. Non‐aqueous Li‐O2 ...batteries have received rapidly growing attention due to their higher theoretical energy densities compared to those of state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries.To make them practical for commercial applications, many critical issues must be overcome, including low round‐trip efficiency and poor cycling stability, which are intimately connected to the problems resulting from cathode degradation during cycling. Encouragingly, during the past years, much effort has been devoted to enhancing the stability of the cathode using a variety of strategies and these have effectively surmounted the challenges derived from cathode deteriorations,thus endowing Li‐O2 batteries with significantly improved electrochemical performances. Here, a brief overview of the general development of Li‐O2 battery is presented. Then, critical issues relevant to the cathode instability are discussed and remarkable achievements in enhancing the cathode stability are highlighted. Finally, perspectives towards the development of next generation highly stable cathode are also discussed.
Recent research on enhancing the mechanical and chemical stability of cathodes for non‐aqueous Li‐O2 batteries is summarized. In light of recent achievements, the structural integrity of the constructed cathode can be well‐maintained with a rational architectural design and the chemical stability can be effectively improved with the construction of a protective layer on the cathode.
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With the rising demand for flexible and wearable electronic devices, flexible power sources with high energy densities are required to provide a sustainable energy supply. Theoretically, ...rechargeable, flexible Li‐O2/air batteries can provide extremely high specific energy densities; however, the high costs, complex synthetic methods, and inferior mechanical properties of the available flexible cathodes severely limit their practical applications. Herein, inspired by the structure of human blood capillary tissue, this study demonstrates for the first time the in situ growth of interpenetrative hierarchical N‐doped carbon nanotubes on the surface of stainless‐steel mesh (N‐CNTs@SS) for the fabrication of a self‐supporting, flexible electrode with excellent physicochemical properties via a facile and scalable one‐step strategy. Benefitting from the synergistic effects of the high electronic conductivity and stable 3D interconnected conductive network structure, the Li‐O2 batteries obtained with the N‐CNTs@SS cathode exhibit superior electrochemical performance, including a high specific capacity (9299 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1), an excellent rate capability, and an exceptional cycle stability (up to 232 cycles). Furthermore, as‐fabricated flexible Li‐air batteries containing the as‐prepared flexible super‐hydrophobic cathode show excellent mechanical properties, stable electrochemical performance, and superior H2O resistibility, which enhance their potential to power flexible and wearable electronic devices.
Inspired by blood capillary tissue, a self‐standing, flexible N‐CNTs@SS Li‐O2 battery cathode with an interpenetrative structure is fabricated via a facile and scalable one‐step strategy. The flexible Li‐O2 batteries with N‐CNTs@SS exhibit excellent mechanical properties, stable electrochemical performance, and superior H2O resistibility.
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To promote the development of high energy Li–O2 batteries, it is important to design and construct a suitable and effective oxygen‐breathing cathode. Herein, activated cobalt‐nitrogen‐doped carbon ...nanotube/carbon nanofiber composites (Co‐N‐CNT/CNF) as the effective cathodes for Li–O2 batteries are prepared by in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The unique architecture of these electrodes facilitates the rapid oxygen diffusion and electrolyte penetration. Meanwhile, the nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber (N‐CNT/CNF) and Co/CoNx serve as reaction sites to promote the formation/decomposition of discharge product. Li–O2 batteries with Co‐N‐CNT/CNF cathodes exhibit superior electrochemical performance in terms of a positive discharge plateau (2.81 V) and a low charge overpotential (0.61 V). Besides, Li–O2 batteries also present a high discharge capacity (11512.4 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), and a long cycle life (130 cycles). Meanwhile, the Co‐N‐CNT/CNF cathode also has an excellent flexibility, thus the assembled flexible battery with Co‐N‐CNT/CNF can work normally and hold a wonderful capacity rate under various bending conditions.
Activated cobalt‐nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber composites (Co‐N‐CNT/CNF) cathodes are prepared via in situ chemical vapor deposition. The Li–O2 batteries with these cathodes exhibit great performances. Meanwhile, Co‐N‐CNT/CNF cathodes are flexible, based on which the assembled flexible battery exhibits great performances and flexibility under various bending conditions.
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The large‐scale electrical energy storage using rechargeable batteries buoys any future success in the global efforts to shift energy usage away from fossil fuels to renewable sources. Compared with ...other battery technologies, such as Li‐S and LIBs, the metal‐air battery technology holds exceptionally high energy densities and is viewed to be a promising candidate as the energy supplier of the next generation. With the aim to provide easy access to the recent developments of metal‐air batteries and advance their development, this review systematically and comprehensively summarizes, compares and discusses the development of all important kinds of aqueous and/or nonaqueous metal‐air batteries (all in one), based on metal anodes of Li, Na, Zn, Al, from all important aspects, including oxygen electrochemistry, electrocatalyst, transfer/diffusion and interface, electrode and electrolyte materials, and device configuration. As a benefit, our understanding on metal‐air batteries can be deepened and guidance for the development of next generation metal‐air batteries can be provided.
The metal‐air battery which is classified in terms of the metallic anode, is an important energy storage device, thanks to its relatively high energy density and environmental friendliness. Clearly, its wide application in our society can be a great benefit to our daily lives.
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With the rising development of flexible and wearable electronics, corresponding flexible energy storage devices with high energy density are required to provide a sustainable energy supply. ...Theoretically, rechargeable flexible Li–O2 batteries can provide high specific energy density; however, there are only a few reports on the construction of flexible Li–O2 batteries. Conventional flexible Li–O2 batteries possess a loose battery structure, which prevents flexibility and stability. The low mechanical strength of the gas diffusion layer and anode also lead to a flexible Li–O2 battery with poor mechanical properties. All these attributes limit their practical applications. Herein, the authors develop an integrated flexible Li–O2 battery based on a high‐fatigue‐resistance anode and a novel flexible stretchable gas diffusion layer. Owing to the synergistic effect of the stable electrocatalytic activity and hierarchical 3D interconnected network structure of the free‐standing cathode, the obtained flexible Li–O2 batteries exhibit superior electrochemical performance, including a high specific capacity, an excellent rate capability, and exceptional cycle stability. Furthermore, benefitting from the above advantages, the as‐fabricated flexible batteries can realize excellent mechanical and electrochemical stability. Even after a thousand cycles of the bending process, the flexible Li–O2 battery can still possess a stable open‐circuit voltage, a high specific capacity, and a durable cycle performance.
A novel integrated self‐package flexible Li–O2 battery is developed with a stable composite anode and flexible gas diffusion layer. Excellent mechanical stability and superior battery performances are successfully achieved under different shapes and even after repeated mechanical twisting, bending processes, showing high promise to power next generation versatile flexible electronics.
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To meet the increasing demands for portable and flexible devices in a rapidly developing society, it is urgently required to develop highly safe and flexible electrochemical energy‐storage systems. ...Flexible lithium–oxygen batteries with high theoretical specific energy density are promising candidates; however, the conventional half‐open structure design prevents it from working properly under water or fire conditions. Herein, as a proof‐of‐concept experiment, a highly safe flexible lithium–oxygen battery achieved by the synergy of a vital multifunctional structure design and a unique composite separator is proposed and fabricated. The structure can effectively prevent the invasion of water from the environment and combustion, which is further significantly consolidated with the help of a polyimide and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) composite separator, which holds good water resistance, thermal stability, and ionic conductivity. Unexpectedly, the obtained lithium–oxygen battery exhibits superior flexibility, water resistance, thermal resistance, and cycling stability (up to 218 cycles; at a high current of 1 mA and capacity of 4 mA h). This novel water/fireproof, flexible lithium–oxygen battery is a promising candidate to power underwater flexible electronics.
A highly safe flexible lithium–oxygen (SFLO) battery is designed and fabricated to endow the possibility to power versatile portable and flexible devices. Thanks to an innovative assembly method, the structure of the SFLO battery possesses good flexibility, excellent water‐ and fire‐resistance, and superior electrochemical performances.
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A flexible freestanding air cathode inspired by traditional Chinese calligraphy art is built. When this novel electrode is employed as both a new concept cathode and current collector, to replace ...conventional rigid and bulky counterparts, a highly flexible and foldable Li–O2 battery with excellent mechanical strength and superior electrochemical performance is obtained.
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An ultrathin, lightweight, and wearable Li‐O2 battery with a novel segmented structure is first fabricated by employing a “break up the whole into parts” strategy. Superior battery performance ...including low overpotential, high specific capacity, good rate capability, excellent cycle stability, and high gravimetric/volumetric energy density (294.68 Wh kg−1/274.06 Wh L−1) is successfully achieved even under repeatedly various deformation.
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The successful development of Li–O2 battery technology depends on resolving the issue of cathode corrosion by the discharge product (Li2O2) and/or by the intermediates (LiO2) generated during cell ...cycling. As an important step toward this goal, we report for the first time the nanoporous Ni with a nanoengineered AuNi alloy surface directly attached to Ni foam as a new all-metal cathode system. Compared with other noncarbonaceous cathodes, the Li–O2 cell with an all-metal cathode is capable of operation with ultrahigh specific capacity (22,551 mAh g–1 at a current density of 1.0 A g–1) and long-term life (286 cycles). Furthermore, compared with the popularly used carbon cathode, the new all-metal cathode is advantageous because it does not show measurable reactivity toward Li2O2 and/or LiO2. As a result, extensive cyclability (40 cycles) with 87.7% Li2O2 formation and decomposition was obtained. These superior properties are explained by the enhanced solvation-mediated formation of the discharge products as well as the tailored properties of the all-metal cathode, including intrinsic chemical stability, high specific surface area, highly porous structure, high conductivity, and superior mechanical stability.
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