Current EDA market has plenty of DFM (Design for Manufacturing) solutions on via doubling for VLSI design which enhances single-level metal (hierarchy) interconnections. A new conceptual approach, ...Multi-Level Metal and Via (MLMV) is proposed to extend the capability to insert metals and vias across multiple hierarchies to lower effective resistance. The objective is to improve signal integrity by reducing resistance across metal paths for individual signals, inclusive of supplies across the full chip. MLMV also takes into consideration the critical signals integrity of the design. The tool ensures no metal insertion is too close to critical signals, to prevent potential noise in the design. The results discussed in this paper show a significant improvement in terms of reducing the effective resistance of experimental test case signal path up to 90% in comparing to the conventional via filling solution. With these significant results, it can be concluded that MLMV is able to populate the metal and via effectively and minimizing resistance in the design.
By investigating the experimental results of the average throughput with the 802.11g ad-hoc mode, we have collected the different performance characteristics among the indoor, the wall-penetration ...and the outdoor environment. Given the solid evidences from the baseline experiments, we have embedded the heuristic algorithms into the routing decisions. We have thus simulated a large area of 300 meters by 300 meters with hundreds of routing nodes. After investigating over 100 topology scenarios, the performance results indicate that our proposed scheme produces the higher-bandwidth paths for most of the cases. Even in the less-dense cases, our proposed schemes still can find the better paths with bandwidth about 30% higher than the conventional methods.
Tetrathiooxalate was originally claimed to result from the reduction of CS
2
with sodium. Jeroschewski demonstrated a practical synthesis of C
2
S
4
2‐
by suppressing its condensation with CS
2
. His ...method involves the electrolytic reduction of CS
2
in the presence of a cation that forms a poorly soluble salt with tetrathiooxalate. Additional features of the Jeroschewski method are the use of low temperatures and dilute solutions, both of which minimize the condensation side reaction. This chapter focuses on a procedure that is an adaptation of Jeroschewski's method, but uses a simpler apparatus. Solid (Et
4
N)
2
C
2
S
4
can be stored under N
2
or in a vacuum for months without decomposition. The most useful check of the purity is by optical spectroscopy. It is soluble in highly polar solvents including water.
Recycling of wood waste has the benefits of reducing waste stream and avoiding the need (avoided impact) of harvesting virgin wood. To justify these benefits, a carbon footprint assessment ...methodology is proposed to compare the carbon emissions of a door made from recycled wood waste (technical wood) versus virgin hardwood. Results show that technical wood door has lower carbon emissions of 12.8 kg-CO2eq compared to virgin hardwood door (16.2 kg- CO2eq). When avoided impact is taken into account, technical wood door carbon emissions may even be lower (-2.9 kg- CO2eq). This assessment also identifies the ‘hotspots’ for future carbon emissions improvement.
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FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
One of the seven scientific areas of interests of the 7-SEAS field campaign is to evaluate the impact of aerosol on cloud and precipitation (http://7-seas.gsfc.nasa.gov). However, large-scale ...covariability between aerosol, cloud and precipitation is complicated not only by ambient environment and a variety of aerosol effects, but also by effects from rain washout and climate factors. This study characterizes large-scale aerosol-cloud-precipitation covariability through synergy of long-term multi sensor satellite observations with model simulations over the 7-SEAS region 10S-30N, 95E-130E. Results show that climate factors such as ENSO significantly modulate aerosol and precipitation over the region simultaneously. After removal of climate factor effects, aerosol and precipitation are significantly anti-correlated over the southern part of the region, where high aerosols loading is associated with overall reduced total precipitation with intensified rain rates and decreased rain frequency, decreased tropospheric latent heating, suppressed cloud top height and increased outgoing longwave radiation, enhanced clear-sky shortwave TOA flux but reduced all-sky shortwave TOA flux in deep convective regimes; but such covariability becomes less notable over the northern counterpart of the region where low level stratus are found. Using CO as a proxy of biomass burning aerosols to minimize the washout effect, large-scale covariability between CO and precipitation was also investigated and similar large-scale covariability observed. Model simulations with NCAR CAM5 were found to show similar effects to observations in the spatio-temporal patterns. Results from both observations and simulations are valuable for improving our understanding of this region's meteorological system and the roles of aerosol within it. Key words: aerosol; precipitation; large-scale covariability; aerosol effects; washout; climate factors; 7- SEAS; CO; CAM5
The purpose of a kinetic model of a biosensor is to identify the key experimental factors (such as the rates of reactions, rates of mass transport, loading of the bio-recognition component, etc.), ...which determine the response, or output, of the sensor and to then provide a link between these key experimental factors and the concentration of the analyte and the sensor response. Thus, modeling provides a mathematical description of the physical processes occurring within the system. By applying kinetic modeling to enzyme electrodes and biosensors, we can derive a number of advantages. It is clear that several different kinetic processes are involved in the overall functioning of any enzyme electrode or biosensor.
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