Superoleophobic surfaces Yong, Jiale; Chen, Feng; Yang, Qing ...
Chemical Society reviews,
07/2017, Volume:
46, Issue:
14
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Superoleophobicity is a phenomenon where the contact angles of various oil droplets with low surface tension on a solid surface are larger than 150°. In the past few years, there has been much ...growing interest in the design and application of superoleophobic surfaces. Such surfaces have great significance for both fundamental research and a variety of practical applications, including oil-repellent coatings, self-cleaning, oil/water separation, oil droplet manipulation, chemical shielding, anti-blocking, designing liquid microlens, oil capture, bioadhesion, guiding oil movement and floating on oil. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent developments of superoleophobic surfaces. This review focuses on the design, fabrication, characteristics, functions, and important applications of various superoleophobic surfaces. Although many significant advances have been achieved, superoleophobic surfaces are still in their "toddler stage" of development. The current challenges and future prospects of this fast-growing field of superoleophobicity are discussed.
This review systematically summarizes the recent developments of superoleophobic surfaces, focusing on their design, fabrication, characteristics, functions, and important applications.
This paper proposes a novel design approach for a filtering antenna, which contains an array of 4 by 2 waveguide aperture radiation elements. Coupling matrix theory is introduced in this paper to ...synthesize the multiple coupled-resonators circuit. Unequal amplitude excitation is applied to the 4 × 2 elements so as to obtain a low sidelobe level. To demonstrate the concept, an X-band antenna array is designed and fabricated using a three-layer waveguide structure. Measured results show that the filtering antenna array can achieve a gain of more than 15.58 dBi and a radiation efficiency of higher than 90% over the passband (9.91-10.1 GHz). The sidelobe level is -18.3 dB in the H-plane and -21.1 dB in the E-plane.
Energetic ion beams with diverse energies, species and beam dimensions have been extensively utilized to modify the properties of materials to achieve versatile applications in many aspects of ...industry, agriculture and scientific research. In optics, the ion‐beam technology has been applied to fabricate various micro‐ and submicrometric guiding structures on a wide range of optical crystals through the efficient modulation of the refractive indices or structuring of the surface, realizing various applications in many branches of photonics. The ion‐beam fabricated optical waveguides and other photonic structures have shown good guiding performance as well as properties related to the materials, suggesting promising potential for many aspects of photonics. This paper gives the state‐of‐the‐art review of fabrication, characterization and application on the ion‐beam‐processed micro‐ and submicrometric photonic structures by highlighting the most recent research progress. A brief prospect is presented by focusing on a few potential spotlights.
Energetic ion beams with diverse energies, species and beam dimensions have been extensively utilized to modify the properties of the materials to achieve versatile applications in many aspects of the industry, agriculture and scientific research. In optics, the ion beam technology has been applied to fabricate various micro‐ and submicrometric guiding structures on a wide range of optical crystals through the efficient modulation of the refractive indices or structuring of the surface, realizing various applications in many branches of photonics.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This work proposes a penalty 20‐node hexahedral element for size‐dependent electromechanical analysis based on the consistent couple stress theory. The nodal rotation degrees of freedom (DOFs) are ...used to approximate the mechanical rotation, meeting the C1 requirement in a weak sense by using the penalty function method, and to effectively enhance the standard isoparametric interpolation for determining the displacement test function. The normalized stress functions that satisfy the relevant equilibrium equation and strain compatibility equation a priori are employed to formulate the stress trial function. Since the element has only three displacement, three rotation and the electric potential DOFs per node, it has relatively simple formulation and can be readily incorporated into the existing finite element program. Several benchmarks are examined and the results demonstrate that the new element has good numerical accuracy and captures the size dependence effectively. In addition, the influence of the micro‐inertia on electromechanical dynamic responses of flexoelectric solids at small scale are analyzed using the proposed element. It is shown that the nature frequency decreases with the increase of micro‐inertia and in general, the influences are more obvious on higher order modes.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLEDs) fabricated with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are developed rapidly. However, most devices are ...fabricated by vacuum deposition technology, and developing efficient solution‐processed CP‐OLEDs, especially nondoped devices, is still a challenge. Herein, a pair of triptycene‐based enantiomers, (S,S)‐/(R,R)‐TpAc‐TRZ, are synthesized. The novel chiral triptycene scaffold of enantiomers avoids their intermolecular π–π stacking, which is conducive to their aggregation‐induced emission characteristics and high photoluminescence quantum yield of 85% in the solid state. Moreover, the triptycene‐based enantiomers exhibit efficient TADF activities with a small singlet‐triplet energy gap (ΔEST) of 0.03 eV and delayed fluorescence lifetime of 1.1 µs, as well as intense circularly polarized luminescence with dissymmetry factors (|gPL|) of about 1.9 × 10−3. The solution‐processed nondoped CP‐OLEDs based on (S,S)‐/(R,R)‐TpAc‐TRZ not only display obvious circularly polarized electroluminescence signals with gEL values of +1.5 × 10−3 and −2.0 × 10−3, respectively, but also achieve high efficiencies with external quantum, current, and power efficiency up to 25.5%, 88.6 cd A−1, and 95.9 lm W−1, respectively.
A pair of thermally activated delayed fluorescence enantiomers with aggregation‐induced emission properties are developed by introducing the chiral donor based on a triptycene scaffold. Highly efficient solution‐processed nondoped circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐OLEDs) with external quantum efficiency up to 25.5% is realized based on the emitter. In addition, the CP‐OLEDs exhibit intense circularly polarized electroluminescence activities with opposing gEL signals.
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Dysregulation of lipid homeostasis leads to the development of metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Lipid droplets (LDs) are subcellular organelles ...vital in the maintenance of lipid homeostasis by coordinating lipid synthesis, lipid storage, lipid secretion and lipolysis. Under fed condition, free fatty acids (FFAs) are remodeled and esterified into neutral lipids by lipogenesis and stored in the LDs. The lipid storage capacity of LDs is controlled by its growth via local lipid synthesis or by LD fusion. During fasting, neutral lipids are hydrolyzed by lipolysis, released as FFAs and secreted to meet energy demand. Cell death‐inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha (DFFA)‐like effector (CIDE) family proteins composed of Cidea, Cideb and Cidec/Fsp27 are ER‐ and LD‐associated proteins and have emerged as important regulators of lipid homeostasis. Notably, when localized on the LDs, CIDE proteins enrich at the LD‐LD contact sites (LDCSs) and control LD fusion and growth. Here, we summarize these recent advances made on the role of CIDE proteins in the regulation of lipid metabolism with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying CIDE‐mediated LD fusion and growth.
CIDE proteins are important regulators of lipid homeostasis by coordinating various cellular lipid metabolic pathways including lipid storage, secretion and synthesis.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Advanced organic bioelectronics enable smooth fusion between modern electronics and biological systems for better physiological monitoring and pathological examinations. Photon‐regulated ...bioelectronics are especially desirable due to the non‐contact impact, remote‐control, and even self‐powered operation. However, few studies have addressed the advanced photon‐enabled organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) biosensors capable of operation at zero gate bias. Here, on the basis of a hydrogel/graphene oxide hybrid (denoted as HGH), a multifunctional HGH‐gated OPECT biosensor is presented, which is exemplified by Ca2+‐triggered gelation on the CdS quantum dot (QD) photoelectrode linking with a sandwich immunoassay toward human IgG as the model target. Gelation of HGH on the CdS QD gate electrode can not only inhibit the interfacial mass transfer on the gate/electrolyte interface, but also significantly block the light absorption of CdS QDs, leading to the corresponding change of the channel currents of OPECT device. At zero gate bias, this OPECT biosensor exhibits high gain in response to light and good analytical performance for human IgG with a detection limit of 50 fg mL–1. Given the numerous intelligent hydrogel materials and their potential interactions with light, this work unveils a general platform for developing a new class of hydrogel‐gated OPECT bioelectronics and beyond.
A multifunctional hydrogel‐gated organic photoelectrochemical transistor biosensor is constructed using a Ca2+‐triggered hydrogel/graphene oxide hybrid on the CdS quantum dot photosensitive gate electrode linking with a sandwich immunoassay toward human IgG as the model target. The proposed biosensor exhibits high gain in response to light and good analytical performance at zero gate bias.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
A topological insulator is a material with an insulating interior but time-reversal symmetry-protected conducting edge states. Since its prediction and discovery almost a decade ago, such a ...symmetry-protected topological phase has been explored beyond electronic systems in the realm of photonics. Electrons are spin-1/2 particles, whereas photons are spin-1 particles. The distinct spin difference between these two kinds of particles means that their corresponding symmetry is fundamentally different. It is well understood that an electronic topological insulator is protected by the electron’s spin-1/2 (fermionic) time-reversal symmetry
T
f
2
=
−
1
. However, the same protection does not exist under normal circumstances for a photonic topological insulator, due to photon’s spin-1 (bosonic) time-reversal symmetry
T
b
2
=
−
1
. In this work, we report a design of photonic topological insulator using the Tellegen magnetoelectric coupling as the photonic pseudospin orbit interaction for left and right circularly polarized helical spin states. The Tellegen magnetoelectric coupling breaks bosonic time-reversal symmetry but instead gives rise to a conserved artificial fermionic-like-pseudo time-reversal symmetry,
T
p
(
T
p
2
=
−
1
)
, due to the electromagnetic duality. Surprisingly, we find that, in this system, the helical edge states are, in fact, protected by this fermionic-like pseudo time-reversal symmetry Tp
rather than by the bosonic time-reversal symmetry Tb
. This remarkable finding is expected to pave a new path to understanding the symmetry protection mechanism for topological phases of other fundamental particles and to searching for novel implementations for topological insulators.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as ...‘secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor ‘building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen into ammonia under ambient conditions is a potential strategy for sustainable ammonia production. At present, one of the main research directions in the ...field of electrochemical nitrogen fixation is to improve the current efficiency and ammonia yield by developing efficient nitrogen reduction catalysts. To optimise the selectivity and catalytic activity of nitrogen reduction catalysts more efficiently, herein, we systematically summarise the progress of research on nitrogen reduction catalysts in recent years and present some general catalyst design strategies. Considering that it is difficult for metal‐based catalysts to balance the competitive reactions of nitrogen activation and hydrogen evolution, we discuss in detail the advantages and application prospects of non‐metallic catalysts in electrochemical nitrogen fixation. Moreover, both the design strategy of surface or interface defects, and how this atomic‐level control of functionalisation helps to promote selectivity and catalytic activity are also discussed by theoretical and experimental electrochemistry. On this basis, we also discussed the future development direction, opportunities and challenges of nitrogen reduction electrocatalysts.
Herding cats: This review provides a comprehensive and critical summary of the progress of research on nitrogen reduction catalysts and some general catalyst design strategies. Considering that it is difficult for metal‐based catalysts to balance the competitive reactions of nitrogen activation and hydrogen evolution, the advantages and application prospects of non‐metallic catalysts in electrochemical nitrogen fixation are summarized and discussed.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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