To address the problem of inadequate feature extraction and binary code discrete optimization faced by deep hashing methods using a relaxation-quantization strategy, a novel deep attention-guided ...hashing method with pairwise labels (DAHP) is proposed to enhance global feature fusion, better learn the contextual information of image features to effectively enhance the feature representation, and solve the problem of losing feature information in discrete optimization by optimizing the loss function. First, we introduce a new concept called the anchor hash code generation(AHCG) algorithm, we train the ResNet with the position attention and channel attention mechanisms with the anchor points in Hamming space as supervised information, we fit the binary code representing the picture to the vicinity of each anchor point, and finally, we use the optimized loss function to calculate the pairwise loss and the anchor loss, allowing the hash function to generate hash code with strong discriminative power. The experiments were conducted on four benchmark datasets, and the retrieval accuracy of the proposed method outperformed the retrieval accuracies of the state-of-the-art methods.
Neuroinflammation is recognized as a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although neuroinflammation is an important pathogenic factor that leads to secondary injuries after SCI, neuroprotective ...anti‐inflammatory treatments remain ineffective in the management of SCI. Moreover, the molecular signatures involved in the pathophysiological changes that occur during the course of SCI remain ambiguous. The current study investigated the proteins and pathways involved in C5 spinal cord hemi‐contusion injury using a rat model by means of 4‐D label‐free proteomic analysis. Furthermore, two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) transcriptomic datasets, Western blot assays, and immunofluorescent staining were used to validate the expression levels and localization of dysregulated proteins. The present study observed that the rat models of SCI were associated with the enrichment of proteins related to the complement and coagulation cascades, cholesterol metabolism, and lysosome pathway throughout the acute and subacute phases of injury. Intriguingly, the current study also observed that 75 genes were significantly altered in both the GEO datasets, including ANXA1, C1QC, CTSZ, GM2A, GPNMB, and PYCARD. Further temporal clustering analysis revealed that the continuously upregulated protein cluster was associated with immune response, lipid regulation, lysosome pathway, and myeloid cells. Additionally, five proteins were further validated by means of Western blot assays and the immunofluorescent staining showed that these proteins coexisted with the F4/80+ reactive microglia and infiltrating macrophages. In conclusion, the proteomic data pertaining to the current study indicate the notable proteins and pathways that may be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of SCI.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
The surgical management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), especially regarding the necessity of central lymph node dissection (CLND), remains controversial. This meta-analysis ...was conducted to investigate the clinicopathologic factors predictive of central compartment lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in patients diagnosed with PTMC.
Methods
PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to September 2013. Published studies that explored the association between clinicopathologic factors and CLNM in PTMC patients were included. From the identified studies, we extracted the number of individuals with or without each risk factor to calculate the CLNM-positive proportions and used fixed/random-effects models for the meta-analyses of overall relative risk (RR). The pooling analysis on the association between CLNM or the different CLNDs and prognosis was also conducted.
Results
A total of 19 eligible studies that included 8345 patients were identified. Three studies did therapeutic CLND, while the other 16 studies performed prophylactic CLND in PTMC patients. Meta-analyses revealed that CLNM was associated with male gender (RR = 1.36; 95 % CI 1.22–1.52,
p
= 0.001), younger age (<45 years; RR = 1.15; 95 % CI 1.04–1.27,
p
= 0.006), larger tumor size (>5 mm; RR = 1.51 95 % CI 1.32–1.65,
p
= 0.001), multifocality (RR = 1.40; 95 % CI 1.27–1.54,
p
= 0.001), and extrathyroidal extension (RR = 1.81; 95 % CI 1.34–2.43,
p
= 0.001). Meta-regression analysis indicated that a disparity in the proportion of PTMC patients with CLNM in each study was the main factor resulting in heterogeneity among the 19 studies. In addition, the pooling analyses suggested that CLNM did not significantly predict neck recurrences hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.67–1.22,
p
= 0.054, and the prophylactic CLND group did not improve local control significantly compared to the therapeutic group (RR = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.46–2.01,
p
= 0.544).
Conclusion
Prophylactic CLND may be performed in PTMC patients with clinically uninvolved central lymph nodes but with high risk factors; multicenter studies with long-term follow-up are recommended to better understand the risk factors and surgical management for central nodes in PTMC.
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EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Yet, in some special cases when the lateral side of the thyroid is difficult to divide, it is not possible to use any of the three techniques to identify the RLN. ...we introduce a new approach to ...help identify the RLN in special cases. The medial approach was performed on patients who met the following criteria: (1) revision with the presence of a fibrous scar due to previous surgery; (2) multifocal thyroid cancer with local invasion (RLN, esophagus, and carotid sheath) and lymph nodes metastasis; and (3) other cases in which it was difficult to find the RLN using the standard approaches. 4 In China, most thyroid procedures are performed by general surgeons even though most of them are not well trained for thyroid cancer surgeries. ...in our cancer center, reoperative thyroid procedures and those with severe thyroid cancers are very common. ...we use the third tracheal ring as a landmark, and careful blunt dissection was employed to expose the RLN through the layers of the fibers 0.3 cm from the lateral surface of the tracheal ring.
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease. Baicalin (Bai), a bioactive molecule found in
Scutellaria baicalensis
Georgi, ...possesses antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. These activities suggest Bai could be a promising therapeutic agent against NAFLD; however, its specific effects and underlying mechanism are still not clear. This study aims to explore the effect of Bai to attenuate MAFLD and associated molecular mechanisms. Bai (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg) was orally administered to
db
/
db
mice with MAFLD for 4 weeks or db/m mice as the normal control. Bai markedly attenuated lipid accumulation, cirrhosis and hepatocytes apoptosis in the liver tissues of MAFLD mice, suggesting strong ability to attenuate MAFLD. Bai significantly reduced proinflammatory biomarkers and enhanced antioxidant enzymes, which appeared to be modulated by the upregulated p62‐Keap1‐Nrf2 signalling cascade; furthermore, cotreatment of Bai and all‐trans‐retinoic acid (Nrf2 inhibitor) demonstrated markedly weakened liver protective effects by Bai and its induced antioxidant and antiinflammatory responses. The present study supported the use of Bai in attenuating MAFLD as a promising therapeutic agent, and its strong mechanism of action in association with the upregulating the p62‐keap1‐Nrf2 pathway.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in edible food have a typical saucer-like structure and are nanoparticles released by numerous cells. They have different components and interact with other ...biological samples in diverse ways. Therefore, these nanoparticles could be used to develop bioactives delivery nanoplatforms and anti-inflammatory treatments to meet the stringent demands of current clinical challenges. This review aims to summarize current researches into EVs from edible plants, particularly those that can protect siRNAs or facilitate drug transportation. We will discuss their isolation, characterization and functions, their regulatory effects under various physiological and pathological conditions, and their immune regulation, anti-tumor, regeneration, and anti-inflammatory effects. We also review advances in their potential application as bioactives carriers, and medicinal and edible plants that change their EVs compositions during disease to achieve a therapy propose. It is expected that future research on plant-derived EVs will considerably expand their application.
AIM To evaluate the cytological diagnostic capacity and sample quality of the slow-pull technique and compare them with different suction techniques.METHODS From July 2010 to December 2015, 102 ...patients with pancreatic solid lesions who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration(EUS-FNA) with 22-gauge needles were retrospectively evaluated. EUS-FNA diagnosis was based on a cytological examination, and final diagnosis was based on a comprehensive standard of cytological diagnosis, surgical pathology and clinical or imaging follow-up. Cytological specimens were characterized for cellularity and blood contamination. The cytological diagnostic capacity and sample quality of the slow-pull technique and suction techniques with 5-m L/10-m L/20-m L syringes were analyzed.RESULTS Of all of the EUS-FNA procedures, the slow-pull technique and suction techniques with 5-m L/10-m L/20-m L syringes were used in 31, 19, 34 and 18 procedures, respectively. There were significant differences between these four suction techniques in terms of cytological diagnostic accuracy(90.3% vs 63.2% vs 58.8% vs 55.6%, P = 0.019), sensitivity(88.2% vs 41.7% vs 40.0% vs 36.4%, P = 0.009) and blood contamination(score ≥ 2 for 29.0% vs 52.6% vs 70.6% vs 72.2%, P = 0.003). The accuracy and sensitivity of the slow-pull technique were significantly higher than those of the suction techniques using 5-m L(P = 0.03, P = 0.014), 10-m L(P = 0.005; P = 0.006) and 20-mL syringes(P = 0.01, P = 0.01). Blood contamination was significantly lower in the slow-pull technique than in the suction techniques with 10-m L(P = 0.001) and 20-mL syringes(P = 0.007).CONCLUSION The slow-pull technique may increase the cytological diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity with slight blood contamination during EUS-FNA when using 22-gauge needles for solid pancreatic masses.
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA), often with the benign-like imaging appearances similar to Warthin tumor (WT), however, is a potentially malignant tumor with a high recurrence rate. It is worse that ...pathological fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is difficult to distinguish PA and WT for inexperienced pathologists. This study employed deep learning (DL) technology, which effectively utilized ultrasound images, to provide a reliable approach for discriminating PA from WT.
488 surgically confirmed patients, including 266 with PA and 222 with WT, were enrolled in this study. Two experienced ultrasound physicians independently evaluated all images to differentiate between PA and WT. The diagnostic performance of preoperative FNAC was also evaluated. During the DL study, all ultrasound images were randomly divided into training (70%), validation (20%), and test (10%) sets. Furthermore, ultrasound images that could not be diagnosed by FNAC were also randomly allocated to training (60%), validation (20%), and test (20%) sets. Five DL models were developed to classify ultrasound images as PA or WT. The robustness of these models was assessed using five-fold cross-validation. The Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) technique was employed to visualize the region of interest in the DL models.
In Grad-CAM analysis, the DL models accurately identified the mass as the region of interest. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the two ultrasound physicians were 0.351 and 0.598, and FNAC achieved an AUROC of only 0.721. Meanwhile, for DL models, the AUROC value for discriminating between PA and WT in the test set was from 0.828 to 0.908. ResNet50 demonstrated the optimal performance with an AUROC of 0.908, an accuracy of 0.833, a sensitivity of 0.736, and a specificity of 0.904. In the test set of cases that FNAC failed to provide a diagnosis, DenseNet121 demonstrated the optimal performance with an AUROC of 0.897, an accuracy of 0.806, a sensitivity of 0.789, and a specificity of 0.824.
For the discrimination of PA and WT, DL models are superior to ultrasound and FNAC, thereby facilitating surgeons in making informed decisions regarding the most appropriate surgical approach.
Macrophages and microglia play important roles in chronic neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI). Although macrophages and microglia have similar functions, their phagocytic and ...homeostatic abilities differ. It is difficult to distinguish between these two populations
in vivo
, but single-cell analysis can improve our understanding of their identity and heterogeneity. We conducted bioinformatics analysis of the single-cell RNA sequencing dataset GSE159638, identifying apolipoprotein E (APOE) as a hub gene in both macrophages and microglia in the subacute and chronic phases of SCI. We then validated these transcriptomic changes in a mouse model of cervical spinal cord hemi-contusion and observed myelin uptake, lipid droplets, and lysosome accumulation in macrophages and microglia following SCI. Finally, we observed that knocking out APOE aggravated neurological dysfunction, increased neuroinflammation, and exacerbated the loss of white matter. Targeting APOE and the related cholesterol efflux represents a promising strategy for reducing neuroinflammation and promoting recovery following SCI.
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