is a highly desirable oil species for biodiesel and premium edible oil feedstock. While germplasm preservation and breeding are crucial, the severity of seed dormancy poses a challenge to successful ...germination. We employed
seeds as experimental materials and conducted an investigation into the types and causes of seed dormancy by analyzing the morphology and developmental characteristics of its embryo, exploring the water permeability property of the endocarp, and examining the presence of endogenous inhibitors, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for overcoming seed dormancy and maximizing germplasm resource utilization. The findings revealed that the seed embryo had matured into a fully developed embryo, and no dormancy in terms of embryo morphology was observed. Upon reaching maturity, the endocarp of seeds undergoes significant lignification, resulting in notable differences in water absorption between cracked and intact seeds. The impermeability of the endocarp is one of the factors contributing to mechanical restriction. The different phases of endosperm extraction exerted varying effects on the germination of Chinese cabbage seeds, with the methanol phase exhibiting the most potent inhibitory effect. The presence of endogenous inhibitors emerged as the primary factor contributing to physiological dormancy in seeds. GC-MS analysis and validation trials revealed that fatty acids and phenolics, including hexadecanoic acid, oxadecanoic acid, and m-cresol, constituted the main types of endogenous inhibitory compounds found within the endosperm. These findings suggest that the seed dormancy in
seeds has endocarp mechanical restriction, and the presence of endogenous inhibitors causes physiological dormancy.
We examined the fruit morphology, oil content, and fatty acids (FAs) of 11 populations of Swida wilsoniana in four provinces in southern China. The fruit oil was extracted by the Soxhlet method, and ...the FA composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The variation in oil content ranged from 16.10 ± 4.94% to 33.08 ± 5.52%, and the major FAs were linoleic acid (44.85 ± 6.70%), oleic acid (29.45 ± 7.63%), palmitic acid (19.59 ± 3.98%), stearic acid (1.95 ± 0.39%), and linolenic acid (0.21 ± 0.07%). The unsaturated FAs accounted for 78.38 ± 3.74%. There was high genetic variation in the oil content and FA composition among the populations. We assessed the relationships between the ecological factors and the FA composition among the populations. The oil content was positively correlated with temperature (r = 0.645, p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with latitude (r = −0.653, p < 0.05). Interestingly, both latitude and temperature were strongly correlated with the unsaturated FAs of the fruits. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the populations in different areas could be separated based on oil quality and plant growth. In conclusion, the oil content and FA composition were influenced by geographical area. The findings could help to improve fruit oil quality in future S. wilsoniana breeding programs.
The mu oil tree (Vernicia montana Lour.) is a dioecious species, but the genetic mechanisms underlying its phenotypic sexual dimorphism are unclear. In this study, we determined two pivotal phases of ...sex differentiation of mu oil tree via morphological and histological analyses of unisexual flowers: (I) differentiation of male or female primordia to produce staminate flowers (SFs) or transient hermaphrodite flowers (HFs), and (II) complete abortion of stamens in transient HFs to generate pistillate flowers (PFs). A total of 1621 sex-biased genes were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis which exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution than unbiased genes. The female-biased genes were enriched in the production of defense compounds while male-biased genes were focused on the production of viable pollens. Transcriptome-based analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PFs and SFs in phase I involved in abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), cytokinin (CK), ethylene (ET), and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and signaling showed higher expression levels in males than in females in general, whereas the DEGs involved in jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways displayed opposite expression patterns. Moreover, differentially expressed endogenous ABA, AUX, GAs, JA, and SA exhibited consistent biased expression patterns with the DEGs by UPLC-MS-based analysis. Exogenous application of an anti-ethylene plant growth regulator could promote the development of stamens in PFs and generated HFs. Comparative transcriptomic and hormonal analyses of PFs and SFs in phase II indicated an increase in ET concentration when abortion of stamens in PFs occurred. This study suggested that phytohormones play key roles in sex dimorphism and ET may determine the development of stamens in PFs of mu oil tree, which provides an insight into plant sex differentiation mechanisms.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
As important decomposers and plant symbionts, soil fungal communities play a major role in remediating heavy-metal-polluted soils. However, the diversity and structures of fungal communities ...generally remain unclear in mining areas. This study aimed to assess the rhizospheric fungal-community composition of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) in the lead-zinc mining area of Suxian District, Hunan Province, China. This experiment undertook the following three treatments: Masson pine inoculated with or not inoculated with Suillus luteus, and bulk soil without plants as a control. The results thereof showed that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi could enlarge plants’ capability to absorb heavy metals and secrete soil enzymes. The richness and diversity of fungi in the rhizospheric soil were significantly higher than of those in the bulk soil (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was noted between the rhizospheric soils inoculated with and not inoculated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi as the community structure changed. The rhizospheric fungi belonged to 6 phyla, 25 classes, 65 orders, 115 families, and 150 genera, and the dominant phyla were Chytridiomycota (50.49%), Ascomycota (38.54%), and Basidiomycota (9.02%). Through use of LEfSe and heatmapping, the relative abundances of Suillus, Paraglomus, Agaricus, and Tulasnella were found to be the highest in the soil with ECM fungus inoculation. RDA showed that the community structure nearly changed with ECM-fungus inoculation; this was significantly related to soil water content, the carbon–nitrogen ratio, bulk density, available potassium, and soil enzymes. Altogether, inoculation with ECM fungi may change the habitation environments of microorganisms and dominant fungi in soil, providing keystone screenings in heavy-metal-contaminated mining areas.
Symplocos paniculata are reported to exhibit seed dormancy, which impedes its cultivation and widespread adoption. In this study, a comprehensive method was established to overcome seed dormancy by ...subjecting seeds to scarification in 98% H2SO4 for 10 min, followed by 1000 mg·L−1 GA3 soaking for 48 h and stratification at 4 °C for 100 days. The seed germination percentage has increased significantly, to a peak of 42.67%, though the seeds could not germinate timely by NaOH scarification. Additionally, the dynamic changes of key stored substances (proteins, soluble sugars, starches, and fats), associated enzyme activities (amylases, peroxidase, and catalase), and endogenous hormones (abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid) in seeds were investigated. The results demonstrated a continuous degradation of starch and fat in S. paniculata seeds, while the levels of protein and soluble sugar exhibited fluctuations, which probably facilitated seed dormancy breaking through energy supply and transformation. The enzymatic activities underwent rapid changes, accompanied by a gradual decrease in ABA content within the seeds with increasing stratification time. Notably, GA3, GA3/ABA, and (GA3 + IAA)/ABA showed significant increases, indicating their positive regulatory roles in seed germination. This study clarified the dormancy mechanism and established an effective method for the release dormancy of S. paniculata seeds.
The optimization of explant selection and adjustment of plant growth regulators (PGRs) ratio may enhance the efficiency of micro-propagation of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. The findings of the study ...suggest that the shoot tip proved to be the optimal explant for regenerating adventitious buds, with an impressive regeneration rate of 77.78% and the average number of adventitious buds being 2.86. The ideal medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) at a 2 mg L−1, indoleacetic acid (IAA) at a 0.2 mg L−1, kinetin (KT) at 0.15 mg L−1, resulting in an outstanding regeneration rate of adventitious buds reaching up to 91.11%. For rooting purposes, the best medium was found be half-strength MS supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) 0.5 mg L−1, achieving an rate for adventitious roots amounting to as high as 97.78%. The culture plantlets ultimately thrived, achieving an impressive transplanting survival rate of 93.33%. The application of PGRs was also found to enhance the regeneration of adventitious buds by increasing the ratios of endogenous hormones ZR/IAA and GA3/IAA. Additionally, it facilitated the differentiation of adventitious roots by elevating the ratios of endogenous hormones IAA/ZR, IAA/GA3, and ABA/GA3. Our study would provide a theoretical reference for the establishment of an efficient gardenia tissue culture system and the industrial production of gardenia.
is an oil plant exhibiting tissue-specific variations in oil content and fatty acid composition across the whole fruit (mainly pulp and seed). And its oil synthesis is intricately linked to the ...accumulation and transformation of sugars. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of understanding regarding how sugar metabolism impacts oil synthesis in
fruit. To unravel the intricate mechanism underlying the impact of sugar metabolism on lipid biosynthesis in
fruit, a comparative analysis was conducted on the transcriptome and metabolite content of pulp and seed throughout fruit development. The findings revealed that the impact of sugar metabolism on oil synthesis varied across different stages of fruit development. Notably, during the early fruit developmental stage (from 90 to 120 DAF), pivotal genes involved in sugar metabolism, such as PGK3, PKP1, PDH-E1, MDH, and malQ, along with key genes associated with oil synthesis like KAR, HAD, and PAP were predominantly expressed in the pulp. Consequently, this preferential expression led to earlier accumulation of oil in the pulp tissue compared to the seed. Whereas, during the fruit maturity stage (from 120 DAF to 140 DAF), these genes exhibited a high level of expression in seed, thereby facilitating the rapid and substantial accumulation of seed oil compared to pulp. The sugar metabolism activity in various parts of
fruit plays a pivotal role in oil synthesis and is contingent upon the developmental stage. These findings can offer alternative genes for further gene enhancement through molecular biotechnology, thereby augmenting fruit oil yield and altering fatty acid composition.
The Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) kernel is rich in oil that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, promotes cell proliferation, cell migration, and stimulates skin ...wound-healing effects. S. saponaria oil has excellent lubricating properties and is a high-quality raw material for biodiesel and premium lubricants, showing great potential in industrial and medical applications. Metabolite and transcriptome analysis revealed patterns of oil accumulation and composition and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during seed development. Morphological observations of soapberry fruits at different developmental stages were conducted, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of the kernels were determined. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on kernels at 70, 100, and 130 days after flowering (DAF). The oil content of soapberry kernels was lowest at 60 DAF (5%) and peaked at 130 DAF (31%). Following soapberry fruit-ripening, the primary fatty acids in the kernels were C18:1 (oleic acid) and C18:3 (linolenic acid), accounting for an average proportion of 62% and 18%, respectively. The average contents of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the kernel were 86% and 14%, respectively. Through the dynamic changes in fatty acid composition and DEGs analysis of soapberry kernels, FATA, KCR1, ECR, FAD2 and FAD3 were identified as candidate genes contributing to a high proportion of C18:1 and C18:3, while DGAT3 emerged as a key candidate gene for TAG biosynthesis. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolism unveiled the molecular mechanism of oil accumulation, leading to the creation of a metabolic pathway pattern diagram for oil biosynthesis in S. saponaria kernels. The study of soapberry fruit development, kernel oil accumulation, and the molecular mechanism of oil biosynthesis holds great significance in increasing oil yield and improving oil quality.
fruits are extensively grown worldwide, with a large harvest, and its major medicinal ingredients are geniposide and crocins. Research on their accumulation and biosynthsis-related enzymes is rare. ...In this study, the accumulation of geniposide and crocin of
fruits at different developmental stages were clarified by HPLC. The highest cumulative amount of geniposide was 2.035% during the unripe-fruit period, and the highest content of crocin was 1.098% during the mature-fruit period. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed. A total of 50 unigenes encoding 4 key enzymes related in geniposide biosynthsis pathways were screened, and 41 unigenes encoding 7 key enzymes in the pathways of crocin were elucidated. It was found that the expression levels of differentially expressed genes of DN67890
-encoding
, which is highly related to geniposide biosynthesis, and DN81253
-encoding
, DN79477
-encoding
, and DN84975
-encoding
, which are highly related to crocin biosynthesis, were consistent with the accumulation of geniposide and crocin content, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that the trends of relative expression were consistent with transcribed genes. This study provides insights for understanding the geniposide and crocin accumulation and biosynthsis during fruit development in
.
•Conducted combustion simulation in an industrial gas turbine using SST k-ω and FGM models.•Analyzed methane blending ratios' effect on pollutant formation, focusing on NO emissions.•Applied field ...synergy theory to optimize heat transfer performance across different methane blends.•Investigated changes in combustion performance parameters, identifying optimal ranges for efficiency.•Used dynamic modal decomposition to analyze stability and flow at varying fuel blends.
Numerous studies have shown that the mixture of fuel and oxidant significantly influences the flow characteristics and pollutant emissions within the combustion flow field. This study investigates the effects of various methane fuel blending ratios (0.19–0.41) on combustion flow, emission characteristics, performance parameters, and field synergies through numerical simulation. Combustion simulation employs the SST k-ω and flame-generated manifold models. The findings indicate that as the fuel blending ratio increases from 0.19 to 0.41, the temperature at the front end of the cyclone gradually rises, resulting in an average outlet temperature increase of 165 K. The outlet temperature uniformity index (γT) shows minimal variation, while the Pattern Factor (PF) and NO emissions at the outlet gradually increase. Additionally, the fuel blending ratio (α) exhibit a limited impact on CO emissions at the outlet. When α ≥ 0.39, the peak temperature is located in the cyclonic region, resulting in an extremely heterogeneous outlet temperature distribution. Under various operational conditions, NO is primarily concentrated in the high-temperature region near the wall, and the pollutant emission merit function (fe) gradually increase with α. The optimum field synergy and overall performance for the low-resistance heat transfer are attained at α = 0.37. Significant velocity shocks are observed in the near-wall regions on both sides of the combustion chamber, when α ≥ 0.35, based on DMD analysis. To achieve low NO emission, uniform outlet temperature, and ensure safe, long-term operation of the gas turbine, the fuel blending ratio of 0.3 to 0.35 is advised.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
