Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a devastating foliar disease. The Ug99 race group has combined virulence to most stem rust (Sr) resistance genes deployed in ...wheat and is a threat to global wheat production. Here we identified a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein (NLR) completely linked to the Ug99 resistance gene Sr21 from Triticum monococcum. Loss-of-function mutations and transgenic complementation confirmed that this gene is Sr21. Sr21 transcripts were significantly higher at high temperatures, and this was associated with significant upregulation of pathogenesis related (PR) genes and increased levels of resistance at those temperatures. Introgression of Sr21 into hexaploid wheat resulted in lower levels of resistance than in diploid wheat, but transgenic hexaploid wheat lines with high levels of Sr21 expression showed high levels of resistance. Sr21 can be a valuable component of transgenic cassettes or gene pyramids combining multiple resistance genes against Ug99.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Improving our understanding of the genes regulating grain yield can contribute to the development of more productive wheat varieties. Previously, a highly significant QTL affecting spikelet number ...per spike (SNS), grain number per spike (GNS) and grain yield was detected on chromosome arm 7AL in multiple genome-wide association studies. Using a high-resolution genetic map, we established that the A-genome homeolog of WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO-A1) was a leading candidate gene for this QTL. Using mutants and transgenic plants, we demonstrate in this study that WAPO-A1 is the causal gene underpinning this QTL. Loss-of-function mutants wapo-A1 and wapo-B1 showed reduced SNS in tetraploid wheat, and the effect was exacerbated in wapo1 combining both mutations. By contrast, spikes of transgenic wheat plants carrying extra copies of WAPO-A1 driven by its native promoter had higher SNS, a more compact spike apical region and a smaller terminal spikelet than the wild type. Taken together, these results indicate that WAPO1 affects SNS by regulating the timing of terminal spikelet formation. Both transgenic and wapo1 mutant plants showed a wide range of floral abnormalities, indicating additional roles of WAPO1 on wheat floral development. Previously, we found three widespread haplotypes in the QTL region (H1, H2 and H3), each associated with particular WAPO-A1 alleles. Results from this and our previous study show that the WAPO-A1 allele in the H1 haplotype (115-bp deletion in the promoter) is expressed at significantly lower levels in the developing spikes than the alleles in the H2 and H3 haplotypes, resulting in reduced SNS. Field experiments also showed that the H2 haplotype is associated with the strongest effects in increasing SNS and GNS (H2>H3>H1). The H2 haplotype is already present in most modern common wheat varieties but is rare in durum wheat, where it might be particularly useful to improve grain yield.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating fungal disease threatening much of global wheat production. Race-specific resistance (R)-genes are used to control ...rust diseases, but the rapid emergence of virulent Pst races has prompted the search for a more durable resistance. Here, we report the cloning of Yr15, a broad-spectrum R-gene derived from wild emmer wheat, which encodes a putative kinase-pseudokinase protein, designated as wheat tandem kinase 1, comprising a unique R-gene structure in wheat. The existence of a similar gene architecture in 92 putative proteins across the plant kingdom, including the barley RPG1 and a candidate for Ug8, suggests that they are members of a distinct family of plant proteins, termed here tandem kinase-pseudokinases (TKPs). The presence of kinase-pseudokinase structure in both plant TKPs and the animal Janus kinases sheds light on the molecular evolution of immune responses across these two kingdoms.
The use of semi-outdoor space for the well-being of occupants is promoted in the tropics. Although a semi-outdoor space is often used for break space, environmental satisfaction and work performance ...are unclear in a semi-outdoor space as work activity space compared with air-conditioned (AC) room. This study focuses on the use of semi-outdoor space for short-term work activities such as office work and meetings. Experiments were carried out to evaluate environmental satisfaction, mood and cognitive performance in the cool and warm seasons in an AC room and a semi-outdoor space in Singapore. Eighty-nine participants answered questionnaires and conducted cognitive performance tests of Stroop test, visual backward digit span test, typing test and mind map test for 70 min per case in the AC room and semi-outdoor space with or without the operation of a ceiling fan. We analyzed the relationships among environmental satisfaction, mood, work performance by Structural Equation Modeling. The conditions which 80% of participants accepted in the semi-outdoor space were thermal environment ranged from 23.3 °C to 30.1 °C SET*, lighting levels of more than 260 lx and noise levels of less than 48 dBA. No differences in cognitive performance were found between the AC room and semi-outdoor space (p > 0.05). Mood influenced work performance (p < 0.001) while environmental satisfaction did not (p = 0.28). Self-reported performance, especially stress, influenced creativity (p = 0.047). These findings lead to the possibility of short-term work activities in the semi-outdoor space without a decrease in work performance.
•Use of semi-outdoor space for short-term work activities was studied in the tropics.•Acceptable conditions for thermal environment were between 23.3 °C and 30.1 °C SET*.•People accepted lighting levels (>260 lx) and noise levels (<48 dBA).•Work performance was influenced by mood and not by environmental satisfaction.•People could work in the semi-outdoor space without compromising work performance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Due to soil changes, high density planting, and the use of straw-returning methods, wheat common root rot (spot blotch),
Fusarium
crown rot (FCR), and sharp eyespot (sheath blight) have become severe ...threats to global wheat production. Only a few wheat genotypes show moderate resistance to these root and crown rot fungal diseases, and the genetic determinants of wheat resistance to these devastating diseases are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent results of genetic studies of wheat resistance to common root rot,
Fusarium
crown rot, and sharp eyespot. Wheat germplasm with relatively higher resistance are highlighted and genetic loci controlling the resistance to each disease are summarized.
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by
Puccinia triticina
Eriksson (
Pt
), is one of the most severe foliar diseases of wheat. Breeding for leaf rust resistance is a practical and sustainable method to ...control this devastating disease. Here, we report the identification of
Lr47
, a broadly effective leaf rust resistance gene introgressed into wheat from
Aegilops speltoides
.
Lr47
encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein that is both necessary and sufficient to confer
Pt
resistance, as demonstrated by loss-of-function mutations and transgenic complementation.
Lr47
introgression lines with no or reduced linkage drag are generated using the
Pairing homoeologous1
mutation, and a diagnostic molecular marker for
Lr47
is developed. The coiled-coil domain of the Lr47 protein is unable to induce cell death, nor does it have self-protein interaction. The cloning of
Lr47
expands the number of leaf rust resistance genes that can be incorporated into multigene transgenic cassettes to control this devastating disease.
As an important chemotherapy drug, cisplatin has been widely used in the treatment of many cancers. However, many patients, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, experience ...unacceptable outcomes from cisplatin treatment. Thus, we devised a risk model for predicting the sensitivity of OSCC patients to cisplatin treatment, to provide a reference for clinical practice.
CAL-27 and SCC-9 cell lines treated or not with cisplatin and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were screened for simultaneously and significantly differentially expressed genes. Next, we built a risk model for predicting cisplatin sensitivity in OSCC patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), pathological samples and clinical data were used to examine the reliability of the model.
ANKRD2 and TNFRSF19 were differentially expressed between the OSCC metastasis cell line HSC-3 treated and not treated with cisplatin, as well as between the OSCC cell line SCC-25 and the cell line SCC25-DDP, which has cisplatin chemoresistance. We found that the expression of ANKRD2 and TNFRSF19 had a significant influence on the prognosis of OSCC patients. The risk model that combined ANKRD2 and TNFRSF19 to predict sensitivity to cisplatin in OSCC patients was confirmed by analysing the pathological samples and follow-up information of clinical patients.
The expression of ANKRD2 and TNFRSF19 is associated with cisplatin sensitivity and prognosis in patients with OSCC. The survival outcome of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was found to be significantly worse in those with high expression of ANKRD2 combined with low expression of TNFRSF19. ANKRD2 and TNFRSF19 may be targets for cisplatin sensitivity prediction in OSCC patients. These findings may provide novel strategies for overcoming cisplatin resistance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Highlights • AAR of third molar dentin can be used to accurate estimate age in Chaoshanese. • Hot tea drinking did no effect the accuracy of age estimation base on it. • There was no difference in ...AAR ratio of third molar dentin between sexes or jaws.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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