κ-Carrageenan (κ-Car) is an important material for preparing food gels and hydrogels. However, κ-Car gel has issues with high hardness and low water-holding capacity. Modification strategy of ...micronization is proposed for the first time to explore its influence on texture properties and gelling process of κ-Car gel, and to investigate the feasibility of κ-Car as a food matrix with low strength. κ-Car undergoing 60 min of micronization, the d(0.9) decreased by 79.33 %, SBET and Vtotal increased by 89.23 % and 95.27 %. The swelling rate and degree of gelling process increased significantly, and the microstructure changed from loose large pores to dense small pores resembling a “honeycomb”. Importantly, the hardness of gel-60, Milk-60 and PNS-60 decreased by 72.52 %, 49.25 % and 81.37 %. In addition, WHC of gel-60, Milk-60 and PNS-60 was improved. IDDSI tests showed that κ-Car gels, milk gels and PNS gels can be categorized as level 6 (soft and bite-sized), except for PNS-60, which belongs to level 5 (crumbly and moist). Furthermore, the texture and bitter masking effect of milk gels and PNS gels were improved. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that micronization can be a novel approach to improve the gel properties of κ-Car, laying the groundwork for developing dysphagia foods.
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•Micronization is a new way to change the textural properties of κ-carrageenan gel.•The problem of high hardness of κ-carrageenan gel was solved by micronization.•The bitter masking effect of κ-carrageenan gel is improved after micronization.•Micronized κ-carrageenan gel can be as a dysphagia food with good texture and taste.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
Genetic factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The imbalance of WNT/β-catenin will cause the occurrence of osteoporosis.
LRP5
and
AXIN1
play an important role in ...the classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our study was aimed to determine the association between five candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of
LRP5
or
AXIN1
and osteoporosis susceptibility in Chinese Han population.
Methods
A total of 599 osteoporosis patients and 599 healthy individuals were recruited for this case-control study. Agena MassARRAY was used to genotype SNPs. The association between SNPs and osteoporosis susceptibility in different genetic models was analyzed by PLINK software. We used false-positive report probability (FPRP) analysis to detect whether the positive results were just chance or noteworthy observations. Multifactor dimension reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the interaction of SNP–SNP in the osteoporosis risk. Finally, haplotype analysis was performed by plink1.07 and Haploview software.
Results
We found that
LRP5
rs11228240,
AXIN1
rs2301522, and rs9921222 were significantly associated with the osteoporosis susceptibility. The results of subgroup analysis showed that
LRP5
rs11228240 (protective factor) and
AXIN1
rs2301522 (risk factor) were associated with the susceptibility of osteoporosis among participants who were age >60 years, female or BMI ≤ 24;
AXIN1
rs9921222 significantly increased the risk of osteoporosis among participants with BMI ≤ 24. The genotype A
rs2301522
C
rs9921222
could increase the susceptibility of osteoporosis (
p
= 0.026). The rs11228219
LPR5
, rs11228240
LPR5
, rs2301522
AXIN1
, and rs9921222
AXIN1
four-site model was the best model for predicting the osteoporosis risk (test accuracy = 0.541; CVC = 10/10).
Conclusions
The
LRP5-
rs11228240,
AXIN1-
rs2301522, and
AXIN1-
rs9921222 were associated with osteoporosis susceptibility in Chinese Han population.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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