Skeleton-based action recognition methods have made impressive progress. But to enhance the discrimination of similar actions, it needs to focus on learning the difference information in ...spatio-temporal features. For example, when handling two similar actions with subtle differences in joint correlations during spatio-temporal feature extraction. In this paper, we propose a new spatio-temporal modeling method called DSTC-Net, which is a differential spatio-temporal correlation network for similar action recognition. Its component dynamically learns the information within each channel and uses the refinement attention (RA) as a new method to learn the critical joint connections of the local region, thus enhancing the contextual learning capability of the model. In addition, to capture the correlation between non-adjacent frames, we introduce the differential temporal (DT) module and combine it with the temporal modeling unit. This enables effective learning of global temporal features of nodes, assisting the model in capturing the difference information in the temporal sequence caused by the difference in the direction of motion. These components together constitute a more detailed and comprehensive learning network for spatio-temporal information. Through experiments conducted on three datasets, NTU RGB+D, NTU RGB+D 120, and Northwestern-UCLA, our improved method demonstrates excellent performance in recognizing similar actions while introducing fewer additional parameters.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Isoprenoids are among the largest and most chemically diverse classes of organic compounds in nature and are involved in the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, growth, development, and plant ...responses to stress. The basic building block units for isoprenoid synthesis—isopentenyl diphosphate and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate—are generated by the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we summarize recent advances on the roles of the MEP and MVA pathways in plant growth, development and stress responses, and attempt to define the underlying gene networks that orchestrate the MEP and MVA pathways in response to developmental or environmental cues. Through phylogenomic analysis, we also provide a new perspective on the evolution of the plant isoprenoid pathway. We conclude that the presence of the MVA pathway in plants may be associated with the transition from aquatic to subaerial and terrestrial environments, as lineages for its core components are absent in green algae. The emergence of the MVA pathway has acted as a key evolutionary event in plants that facilitated land colonization and subsequent embryo development, as well as adaptation to new and varied environments.
In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the roles of the methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways in plant growth, development, and stress responses, with an emphasis on emergence of the mevalonate pathway in plants and how it may have facilitated plant adaptation to terrestrial environments.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Given the threat of environmental degradation and land deterioration to conventional agriculture, modern greenhouse cultivation has attracted increasing attention as an effective alternative. ...However, the high energy consumption of greenhouse systems is concerning given the need to limit the environmental impact of human activities. The solar integration to agricultural greenhouse in the form of modern solar greenhouse has the potential to simultaneously respond to the declining availability of suitable land and the imperative for minimum emissions. In this review, an overview of China's progress towards the development of modern solar greenhouses, as well as the attempts to mitigate the effects of heat loss, shadowing, and poor light condition is presented. A promising prospect is shown by China's modern solar greenhouses at present levels of performances and costs exemplified by the photovoltaic (PV) greenhouses with a practicable payback period of less than 9 years. Additionally, application of advanced solar technology for better thermal storage, PV power generating and light utilization balance has been proved effective to further promote solar energy utilization in modern solar greenhouses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Plant-specific GRAS transcription factors play important roles in regulating growth, development, and stress responses. Castor beans (Ricinus communis) are important non-edible oilseed plants, ...cultivated worldwide for its seed oils and its adaptability to growth conditions. In this study, we identified and characterized a total of 48 GRAS genes based on the castor bean genome. Combined with phylogenetic analysis, the castor bean GRAS members were divided into 13 distinct groups. Functional divergence analysis revealed the presence of mostly Type-I functional divergence. The gene structures and conserved motifs, both within and outside the GRAS domain, were characterized. Gene expression analysis, performed in various tissues and under a range of abiotic stress conditions, uncovered the potential functions of GRAS members in regulating plant growth development and stress responses. The results obtained from this study provide valuable information toward understanding the potential molecular mechanisms of GRAS proteins in castor beans. These findings also serve as a resource for identifying the genes that allow castor beans to grow in stressful conditions and to enable further breeding and genetic improvements in agriculture.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
MYB transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest TF families in plants to regulate numerous biological processes. However, our knowledge of the MYB family in
is limited. We identified 116 MYB ...genes in the
genome, which were classified into the R2R3-MYB, R1R2R3-MYB, 4R-MYB, and MYB-related subfamilies. Most R2R3 genes contain 3 exons and 2 introns, whereas R1R2R3 MYB genes contain 10 exons and 9 introns. N3R-MYB (novel 3RMYB) and NR-MYBs (novel RMYBs) with complicated gene structures appear to be novel MYB proteins. In addition, we found that the diversity of the MYB domain was mainly contributed by domain shuffling and gene duplication. RNA-seq analysis suggested that MYBs exhibited differential expression to heat and might play important roles in heat stress responses, whereas CCA1-like MYB genes might confer greater flexibility to the circadian clock. Some R2R3-MYB and CCA1-like MYB genes are preferentially expressed in the archegonium and during the transition from the chloronema to caulonema stage, suggesting their roles in development. Compared with that of algae, the numbers of
have significantly increased, thus our study lays the foundation for further exploring the potential roles of
in the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Main conclusion
β-carbonic anhydrases, which function in regulating plant growth, C/N status, and stomata number, showed functional redundancy and divergence in
Physcomitrella patens
.
Carbonic ...anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the interconversion of CO
2
and HCO
3
−
. Plants have three evolutionarily unrelated CA families: α-, β-, and γ-CAs. βCAs are abundant in plants and are involved in CO
2
assimilation, stress responses, and stomata formation. Recent studies of βCAs have mainly examined C
3
or C
4
plants, whereas their functions in non-vascular plants are mostly unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the evolution of βCAs were conserved between subaerial green algae and bryophytes after terrestrialization event, and βCAs from some cyanobacteria might begin evolving for the adaptation of terrestrial environment/habitat. In addition, we investigated the physiological roles of βCAs in the basal land plant
Physcomitrella patens
. High
PpβCA
expression levels in different tissues suggest that PpβCAs play important roles in development in
P. patens
. Plants treated with 1–10 mM NaHCO
3
had higher fresh and dry weight,
PpβCA
expression, total CA activity, and photosynthetic yield (Fv/Fm) compared with water-treated plants. However, treatment with 10 mM NaHCO
3
influenced the C/N status. Further study of six
Ppβca
single-gene mutants revealed that
PpβCAs
have functional redundancy and divergence in regulating the C/N ratio of plants and stomatal formation. This study provides new insight into the physiological roles of βCAs in basal land plants.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The coal-to-electricity project (CTEP) using electricity instead of coal for heating is a significant measure to cope with climate change and air pollution in China. After years of development, the ...CTEP has been implemented on a large scale of areas in Beijing. An evaluation model is proposed in this paper to analyze the environmental benefits and assist in determining whether the CTEP should be continued. Firstly, the heating system and framework of this paper are introduced. We also analyzed the feasibility of CTEP, illuminating how electric heating benefits the environment. Secondly, the evaluations models of CTEP are built, including reduction of coal, pollutant emission, and overall benefit. Finally, based on the models results are obtained and discussed and prove environmental benefits of CTEP. It is calculated that 18 kg of coal per unit heating area can be saved in the CTEP, which effectively reduces 98% of PM2.5, 95% of SO
2
, 44% of NO
X
, and 81% of CO
2
emissions. The CTEP has increasing contribution to the reductions of atmospheric pollutants. The considerable environmental benefits demonstrate the significance of the CTEP in the north of China, which also facilitate its future development in areas outside of Beijing.
MicroRNA-375 is involved in many types of alimentary system cancers. Our previous studies showed that microRNA-375 was significantly down-regulated in carcinoma tissues compared with para-carcinoma ...tissues, which strongly indicates that microRNA-375 might suppress the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism underlying the microRNA-375 regulation in colorectal cancer remains unclear. In this study, we first sorted out jak2, map3k8 and atg7 as microRNA-375 targeted genes from multiple databases, and found that jak2, map3k8 and their downstream genes stat3 and erk were up-regulated in carcinoma tissues. Secondly, we over-expressed microRNA-375 in colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116, Caco2 and HT29). Our results showed that in microRNA-375 over-expressing cells, JAK2/STAT3 and MAP3K8/ERK proteins were down-regulated, cell proliferation was inhibited, cell migration rate did not change. There was no significant difference on ATG7 expression between the control group and microRNA-375 over-expressing HT29/Caco2 cells, whereas microRNA-375 down-regulated ATG7 specifically in HCT116 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that expressing microRNA-375 suppressed tumor formation in nude mice. In conclusion, microRNA-375 might function as a tumor-repressive gene to inhibit cell proliferation, mainly through targeting both JAK2/STAT3 and MAP3K8/ERK signaling pathways in colorectal cancer. These findings suggest miR-375 as a promising diagnostic marker and a therapeutic drug for colorectal cancer.
Mosses are widely used in the establishment of greenery. However, little research has been conducted to choose a suitable species or improve their performance for this application. In our study, we ...examined
(
), a robust moss that is widely distributed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical Asia with varying environmental conditions. Axenic cultivation system of
was developed on modified BCD medium, which enabled its propagation and multiplication
. In this axenic cultivation environment, several diploid
lines with enhancement of rhizoid system were generated through artificial induction of diploidization. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that several genes responsible for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling showed significant higher expression levels in the diploid lines compared to the wild type. These results are consistent with the increasement of JA content in the diploid lines. Our establishment of the axenic cultivation method may provide useful information for further study of other
species. The diploid
lines with improved rhizoid system may hold promising potential for greenery applications. Additionally, our study sheds light on the biosynthesis and functions of JA in the early landed plants.
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