The present work investigates the accuracy of laminar flame speeds measured from outwardly propagating spherical flames. We focus on methane/air mixtures at normal temperature and pressure, for which ...there is a variety of data sets reported in the literature. It is observed that there are large discrepancies in laminar flame speed measurement, which makes these experimental data unhelpful for restraining the uncertainty of chemical models. Different sources of uncertainty/inaccuracy (including mixture preparation, ignition, buoyancy, instability, confinement, radiation, nonlinear stretch behavior, and extrapolation) are discussed and their contributions to large discrepancies in laminar flame speed measurement are assessed with the help of 1-D simulation. It is found that the uncertainty in equivalence ratio can bring large inconsistency in laminar flame speed measurement, especially for off-stoichiometric mixtures and experiments using pressure gauge with normal or low accuracy. For fuel-rich methane/air mixtures, the large deviations in laminar flame speed measurement could be partly caused by nonlinear stretch behavior and extrapolation. The change of the influence of different sources of uncertainty with initial pressure, initial temperature, and fuel carbon number is also discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that the discrepancy in raw experimental data can be possibly hidden after extrapolation is conducted. Therefore, the data used for extrapolation as well as extracted results should be reported and compared with simulation or other experiments. The recommendations on the laminar flame speeds measurement using the propagating spherical flames are also provided.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Large discrepancies among the laminar flame speeds and Markstein lengths of methane/air mixtures measured by different researchers using the same constant-pressure spherical flame method are ...observed. As an effort to reduce these discrepancies, one linear model (LM, the stretched flame speed changes linearly with the stretch rate) and two non-linear models (NM I and NM II, the stretched flame speed changes non-linearly with the stretch rate) for extracting the laminar flame speed and Markstein length from propagating spherical flames are investigated. The accuracy and performance of the LM, NM I, and NM II are found to strongly depend on the Lewis number. It is demonstrated that NM I is the most accurate for mixtures with large Lewis number (positive Markstein length) while NM II is the most accurate for mixtures with small Lewis number (negative Markstein length). Therefore, in order to get accurate laminar flame speed and Markstein length from spherical flame experiments, different non-linear models should be used for different mixtures. The validity of the theoretical results is further demonstrated by numerical and experimental studies. The results of this study can be used directly in spherical flame experiments measuring the laminar flame speed and Markstein length.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Large discrepancies between the laminar flame speeds and Markstein lengths measured in experiments and those predicted by simulations for ultra-lean methane/air mixtures bring a great concern for ...kinetic mechanism validation. In order to quantitatively explain these discrepancies, a computational study is performed for propagating spherical flames of lean methane/air mixtures in different spherical chambers using different radiation models. The emphasis is focused on the effects of radiation and compression. It is found that the spherical flame propagation speed is greatly reduced by the coupling between thermal effect (change of flame temperature or unburned gas temperature) and flow effect (inward flow of burned gas) induced by radiation and/or compression. As a result, for methane/air mixtures near the lean flammability limit, the radiation and compression cause large amounts of under-prediction of the laminar flame speeds and Markstein lengths extracted from propagating spherical flames
. Since radiation and compression both exist in the experiments on ultra-lean methane/air mixtures reported in the literature, the measured laminar flame speeds and Markstein lengths are much lower than results from simulation and thus cannot be used for kinetic mechanism validation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
Departing from the conventional cache hit optimization in cache-enabled wireless networks, we consider an alternative optimization approach for the probabilistic caching placement in stochastic ...wireless D2D caching networks taking into account the reliability of D2D transmissions. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we provide a closed-form approximation of cache-aided throughput, which measures the density of successfully served requests by local device caches, and we obtain the optimal caching probabilities via numerical optimization. Compared with the cache-hit-optimal case, the optimal caching probabilities obtained by cache-aided throughput optimization show notable gain in terms of the density of successfully served user requests, particularly in dense user environments.
Abstract Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel group of universally present, non-coding RNAs (>200 nt) that are increasingly recognized as key regulators of many physiological and ...pathological processes. Scope of review Recent publications have shown that lncRNAs influence lipid homeostasis by controlling lipid metabolism in the liver and by regulating adipogenesis. lncRNAs control lipid metabolism-related gene expression by either base-pairing with RNA and DNA or by binding to proteins. Major conclusions The recent advances and future prospects in understanding the roles of lncRNAs in lipid homeostasis are discussed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuators have promising applications in biomimetic robotics, biomedical devices, and micro/nanomanipulation. In this paper, a physics- based model is developed ...for IPMC actuators, which is amenable to model reduction and control design. The model is represented as an infinite-dimensional transfer function relating the bending displacement to the applied voltage. It is obtained by exactly solving the governing partial differential equation in the Laplace domain for the actuation dynamics, where the effect of the distributed surface resistance is incorporated. The model is expressed in terms of fundamental material parameters and actuator dimensions, and is thus, geometrically scalable. To illustrate the utility of the model in controller design, an H infin controller is designed based on the reduced model and applied to tracking control. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed model and its effectiveness in real-time control design.
Graph networks are a new machine learning (ML) paradigm that supports both relational reasoning and combinatorial generalization. Here, we develop universal MatErials Graph Network (MEGNet) models ...for accurate property prediction in both molecules and crystals. We demonstrate that the MEGNet models outperform prior ML models such as the SchNet in 11 out of 13 properties of the QM9 molecule data set. Similarly, we show that MEGNet models trained on ∼60 000 crystals in the Materials Project substantially outperform prior ML models in the prediction of the formation energies, band gaps, and elastic moduli of crystals, achieving better than density functional theory accuracy over a much larger data set. We present two new strategies to address data limitations common in materials science and chemistry. First, we demonstrate a physically intuitive approach to unify four separate molecular MEGNet models for the internal energy at 0 K and room temperature, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy into a single free energy MEGNet model by incorporating the temperature, pressure, and entropy as global state inputs. Second, we show that the learned element embeddings in MEGNet models encode periodic chemical trends and can be transfer-learned from a property model trained on a larger data set (formation energies) to improve property models with smaller amounts of data (band gaps and elastic moduli).
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Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to have crucial regulatory efficiency in human cancer biology. Long intergenic non-coding RNA 668 (LINC00668) was regarded as an oncogene in ...multiple cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of LINC00668 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been studied. In this study, we first demonstrated that LINC00668 expression was up-regulated, which was correlated with tumor progression, and miR-297 down-regulated in OSCC tissues and cells. Importantly, LINC00668 expression was negatively correlated with miR-297 expression in OSCC tissues. Loss-of-function of LINC00668 revealed that LINC00668 functioned as a ceRNA for miR-297 to facilitate VEGFA expression, promoting OSCC progression. Furthermore, LINC00668 knockdown suppressed tumor growth and reduced the expression of proliferation antigen ki-67 in vivo. Finally, we confirmed that LINC00668 promoted OSCC activity through VEGFA signaling. In conclusion, these results suggest that LINC00668 promotes OSCC tumorigenesis via miR-297/VEGFA axis, which may provide a new target for the diagnosis and therapy of OSCC disease.
•LINC00668 is up-regulated in human primary OSCC tissues.•Expression of VEGFA is up-regulated in primary human OSCC and negatively expressed related to miR-297.•miR-297 inhibits the tumorigenic potential of OSCC cells by down-regulating oncogenic VEGFA gene.•LINC00668's oncogenic functions are partially through reverse regulation of miRNA-297, and then activation of VEGFA.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Single-atom catalysts not only maximize metal atom efficiency, they also display properties that are considerably different to their more conventional nanoparticle equivalents, making them a ...promising family of materials to investigate. Herein we developed a general host-guest strategy to fabricate various metal single-atom catalysts on nitrogen-doped carbon (M
/CN, M = Pt, Ir, Pd, Ru, Mo, Ga, Cu, Ni, Mn). The iridium variant Ir
/CN electrocatalyses the formic acid oxidation reaction with a mass activity of 12.9 Formula: see text whereas an Ir/C nanoparticle catalyst is almost inert (~4.8 × 10
Formula: see text). The activity of Ir
/CN is also 16 and 19 times greater than those of Pd/C and Pt/C, respectively. Furthermore, Ir
/CN displays high tolerance to CO poisoning. First-principle density functional theory reveals that the properties of Ir
/CN stem from the spatial isolation of iridium sites and from the modified electronic structure of iridium with respect to a conventional nanoparticle catalyst.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Abstract
Atomically dispersed metal-N-C structures are efficient active sites for catalyzing benzene oxidation reaction (BOR). However, the roles of N and C atoms are still unclear. We report a ...polymerization-regulated pyrolysis strategy for synthesizing single-atom Fe-based catalysts, and present a systematic study on the coordination effect of Fe-N
x
C
y
catalytic sites in BOR. The special coordination environment of single-atom Fe sites brings a surprising discovery: Fe atoms anchored by four-coordinating N atoms exhibit the highest BOR performance with benzene conversion of 78.4% and phenol selectivity of 100%. Upon replacing coordinated N atoms by one or two C atoms, the BOR activities decrease gradually. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the coordination pattern influences not only the structure and electronic features, but also the catalytic reaction pathway and the formation of key oxidative species. The increase of Fe-N coordination number facilitates the generation and activation of the crucial intermediate O=Fe=O species, thereby enhancing the BOR activity.
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