Background
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common disease of urology, of which the pathogenesis and therapy remain to be further elucidated. Quercetin has been ...reported to improve the symptoms of CP/CPPS patients. We aimed to verify the therapeutic effect of quercetin on CP/CPPS and identify the mechanism responsible for it.
Methods
A novel CP/CPPS model induced with Complete Freund Adjuvant in Sprague Dawley rats was established and the prostates and blood specimens were harvested for further measurement after oral administration of quercetin for 4 weeks.
Results
Increased prostate index and infiltration of lymphocytes, up‐regulated expression of IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐17A, MCP1, and TNFα, decreased T‐SOD, CAT, GSH‐PX, and increased MDA, enhanced phosphorylation of NF‐κB, P38, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK were detected in CP/CPPS rat model. Quercetin was identified to ameliorate the histo‐pathologic changes, decrease the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐17A, MCP1, and TNFα, improve anti‐oxidant capacity, and suppress the phosphorylation of NF‐κB and MAPKs.
Conclusions
Quercetin has specific protective effect on CP/CPPS, which is mediated by anti‐inflammation, anti‐oxidation, and at least partly through NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•PTC material with adaptive temperature control performance were prepared.•The material exhibited better flexibility and bending stability.•The material possessed better thermal stability, ...withstanding temperatures from −20 °C to 120 °C.•The material provides thermal comfort in cold environments without control equipment.
PTC materials provide substantial advantages such as adaptive temperature control performance and excellent safety. However, their use in wearable devices has been limited due to the essential requirements for flexibility and stability. This study prepared a new type of flexible PTC material, with a PTC intensity of 6.3 and a resistivity of only 400 Ω·cm in the low-temperature region. The flexibility of the material is evidenced by its 2 mm bending diameter and its ability to maintain structural integrity even after 100 bends. Furthermore, experimental evidence proves that PTC material has excellent thermal stability and can withstand extreme temperatures ranging from −20 °C to 120 °C. In the thermal control experiment, the PTC material maintains a temperature of approximately 25 °C to accommodate the requirements of the human body in a cold environment. When compared to the conventional PI heating sheet, the newly prepared PTC material exhibits advantages such as rapid response, adaptive temperature control performance, and safety. Consequently, it presents a broad application prospect in the field of wearable heating devices.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A novel compact spray cooling module was designed for multi-heat source thermal management systems.•The heat flux can reach 304.7 W/cm2 similar to the liquid cold plate size.•Overall thermal control ...with adjustable parameters of spray cooling cold plate was studied.•Temperature disequilibrium of multi-heat source on spray cooling module was tested.
With the rapid increase in power density for miniaturization and integration of electronic component, the liquid-cooled cold plate, shows difficulty in meeting the increasing heat demand of electronic chips. In this paper, a novel compact spray cooling module with high heat dissipation performance is proposed. The miniaturization of spray cooling module is realized by micro-nozzle and side spray. Based on this method, a spray cooling module with micro-nozzle was designed and processed, both the 40% v.t. ethylene glycol coolant and water were used as working fluids in this system, the size of spray cooling module is the same as the conventional cold plate. The spray characteristics of the micro-nozzle was analyzed and the heat transfer characteristics of the cold plate under multiple heat sources were studied. Experimental results showed that the droplets of micro nozzle were mainly concentrated in mainstream region and the droplet velocity was relatively high and the heat flux of spray cooling module could reach 304.7 W/cm2, and the maximum temperature difference of multi-heat source was lower than 6.5 °C, which indicated that the proposed spray cooling module could show advantage in thermal management of high-heat flux multiple heat source.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
Borehole thermal resistance and ground thermal properties (thermal conductivity and heat capacity) are the key parameters to implement the ground source heat pump (GSHP), usually obtained by ...thermal response test. In this study, a novel sequential parameters estimation method for the above three parameters is proposed, and the sensitivity analysis by using a special correlation method is performed to decide the best estimation sequences. At first, the Spearman partial rank correlation coefficient was used to represent the correlation between the estimated thermal properties and fluid temperature for the line source model (ILS), then the estimation sequence for the three parameters could be determined by the correlation results. Lastly, with the estimation step, Monte Carlo method was adopted to determine the parameters replacing conventional iterative algorithms. In addition, the effect of value bounds and initial inputs as well as random samples was investigated. The results showed that compared to the other estimation steps, the estimation sequence following borehole resistance firstly, then thermal conductivity, heat capacity lastly could get the best precision with 4.5%, 0.4%, 1% respectively. Specially, the estimation precision for ground heat capacity could be promoted by the sequential estimation. Also, the effect of value bounds on estimation precision was nearly eliminated by the proposed method.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Borehole heat exchanger (BHE) plays a key role in ground source heat pump (GHSP) and underground thermal energy storage for heating and cooling, which can backfill with phase change material (PCM) to ...enhance its thermal performance. In this study, a novel PCM-grouted BHE which can run in both heating and cooling seasons by using a single shape-stabilized PCM (SSPCM) is presented and investigated, and the phase change hysteresis (PCH) of SSPCM is detected and applied to achieve the all-seasons run. A heat transfer model considering PCH for U-type BHE was established to evaluate the thermal performance of the novel BHE. And four kinds of backfill materials were concerned and compared to investigate the effect of initial temperature, and pipe spacing on the performance of the BHE and its characteristics of intermittent operation. The results show that octadecane SSPCM with PCH showed the best comprehensive performance in the two seasons with an energy storage rate of 68.9 W/m in heating and 75.9 W/m in cooling, presenting 21.4 % higher than BHE with conventional backfill material. Mean COP during cooling can be improved by 3.61 % when the thermal conductivity increases from 0.5 W/(m·K) to 2 W/(m·K). It also reveals that the selection of PCM for different regions depends on the ground initial temperature.
•A single shape-stabilized PCM for GHSP backfilling works in heating and cooling seasons.•Alkanes are used as the main component of three composite PCM.•A U-type borehole heat exchanger heat transfer model considering phase change hysteresis is built.•Phase change backfill materials show thermal performance improvement in two modes.•The selection of phase change backfill material depends on the initial ground temperature.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•A method for thermal management of battery using phase change material is proposed.•Temperature of battery is rapidly decreased using flexible phase change material.•Flexible phase change material ...fills the gap due to low thermal contact resistance.•The usage time of the battery pack is effectively extended.•Simulation results show good agreement with experimental results.
A method for thermal management of Li-ion battery pack with the application of various flexible form-stable composite phase change materials (CPCMs) is proposed, and investigated both numerically and experimentally. Flexible CPCMs embedded in battery pack lower the thermal contact resistance, thereby improving the thermal control performance. Experimental results show that with the application of flexible CPCMs, the battery temperature drops by 18 °C at 10 C discharge rate. In addition, flexible CPCM has better thermal control performance than the case of conventional CPCMs. This allows Li-ion battery pack to safely work for an extended period of time without exceeding upper temperature limits. The thermal control performance is observed to vary considerably with three factors: the phase change temperature of flexible CPCMs, working condition, and the ambient temperature. One flexible CPCM with phase change temperature of 33 °C is found to be optimal for small power levels and low ambient temperatures. Another flexible CPCM with 47 °C of phase change temperature is suitable for high power levels, short-term high heat fluxes, and high ambient temperatures. The numerical results are in reasonable accordance with experimental ones.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Natural astaxanthin mainly derives from a microalgae producer,
. The induction of nitrogen starvation and high light intensity is particularly significant for boosting astaxanthin production. ...However, the different responses to light intensity and nitrogen starvation needed to be analyzed for biomass growth and astaxanthin accumulation. The results showed that the highest level of astaxanthin production was achieved in nitrogen starvation, and was 1.64 times higher than the control group at 11 days. With regard to the optimization of light intensity utilization, it was at 200 μmo/m²/s under nitrogen starvation that the highest astaxanthin productivity per light intensity was achieved. In addition, both high light intensity and a nitrogen source had significant effects on multiple indicators. For example, high light intensity had a greater significant effect than a nitrogen source on biomass dry weight, astaxanthin yield and astaxanthin productivity; in contrast, nitrogen starvation was more beneficial for enhancing astaxanthin content per dry weight biomass. The data indicate that high light intensity synergizes with nitrogen starvation to stimulate the biosynthesis of astaxanthin.
A compact differentially fed dual‐polarized patch antenna with filtering performance is proposed for 5G applications. By utilizing the half‐wavelength standing current along the open‐ended microstrip ...line, the out‐of‐phase output signals are obtained. Utilizing the E‐shaped coupled resonator in series with the open‐ended microstrip line, balanced differential feeding with filtering property are realized, as excitation for the patch. The filtering patch antenna was fabricated for demonstration. Measured results show that the antenna has −15 dB impedance bandwidths of 13.7% (3.26–3.74 GHz) and 14.2% (3.25–3.75 GHz) for two polarizations, respectively, covering the 5G band (3.3–3.6 GHz). The patch antenna achieves good port isolation and cross‐polarization discrimination. In addition, the measured gain is higher than 6.8 dBi within operating band. Out of the operating band, the gain drops sharply, exhibiting a bandpass response. The out‐of‐band radiation suppression level of the proposed filtering patch antenna is larger than 16 dB.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGW) with high bottom-hole temperature contain abundant geothermal energy, which can be retrofitted to a novel geothermal system for different utilizations without ...high-cost drilling. Thus, at recently, some researchers concentrate on evaluation of the performance of thermal energy extraction from AOGW and geothermal power generation using AOGW with Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems. The aim of this paper is not only to review advanced geothermal utilizations for AOGW, but also make insights into the thermal simulation methods and power generation as well as working fluids selection for AOGW geothermal system. Due to heat extraction from AOGW dominating the geothermal utilizations; firstly, this paper performed to summarize and discuss the heat transfer models of AOGW geothermal system, which involve wellbore heat transfer and transient heat conduction in surrounding formation. Then, for evaluating the performance of power generation systems using AOGW, three different power plants were compared and the influence factors were examined. In addition, the optimum selection criteria of working fluids were also summarized, and the optimal fluids for different wells were determined. At last, the summary of key problems of the AOGW geothermal utilizations were proposed, and the future development and applications of AOGW were suggested for improving the geothermal utilizations.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Spray cooling is an effective method for dissipating high heat fluxes in the field of electronics thermal control. In this study, experiments were performed with distilled water as a test liquid to ...study the spray cooling heat transfer in non-boiling regime. A Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was used to study the spray characteristics. The effects of spray flow rate, spray height, and inlet temperature on spray cooling heat transfer were investigated. It was found that the parameters affect heat transfer of spray cooling in non-boiling regime by the spray characteristics and working fluid thermophysical properties. Then the corresponding droplet axial velocity and Sauter mean diameter (SMD) were successfully correlated with mean absolute error of 15%, which were based upon the orifice diameter, the Weber and Reynolds numbers of the orifice flow prior to liquid breakup, dimensionless spray height and spray cross-section radius. The heat transfer in non-boiling regime was correlated with a mean absolute error of 7%, which was mainly associated with the working fluid thermophysical properties, the Weber and Reynolds numbers hitting the heating surface, dimensionless heating surface temperature and diameter.
► The spray flow rate, spray height, and inlet temperature affect heat transfer of spray cooling in non-boiling regime by the spray characteristics and the working fluid thermophysical properties. ► Then the corresponding droplet axial velocity and Sauer mean diameter (SMD) were successfully correlated with mean absolute error of 15%. ► The heat transfer in non-boiling regime was correlated with a mean absolute error of 7%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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