The OSCE is a reliable evaluation method to estimate the preclinical examination of dental students. The most ideal assessment for OSCE is used the augmented reality simulator to evaluate. This ...literature review investigated a recently developed in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) starting of the dental history to the progress of the dental skill. As result of the lacking of technology, it needs to depend on other device increasing the success rate and decreasing the risk of the surgery. The development of tracking unit changed the surgical and educational way. Clinical surgery is based on mature education. VR and AR simultaneously affected the skill of the training lesson and navigation system. Widely, the VR and AR not only applied in the dental training lesson and surgery, but also improved all field in our life.
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FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Polymer self‐assembly in solution prior to film fabrication makes solution‐state structures critical for their solid‐state packing and optoelectronic properties. However, unraveling the ...solution‐state supramolecular structures is challenging, not to mention establishing a clear relationship between the solution‐state structure and the charge‐transport properties in field‐effect transistors. Here, for the first time, it is revealed that the thin‐film morphology of a conjugated polymer inherits the features of its solution‐state supramolecular structures. A “solution‐state supramolecular structure control” strategy is proposed to increase the electron mobility of a benzodifurandione‐based oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) (BDOPV)‐based polymer. It is shown that the solution‐state structures of the BDOPV‐based conjugated polymer can be tuned such that it forms a 1D rod‐like structure in good solvent and a 2D lamellar structure in poor solvent. By tuning the solution‐state structure, films with high crystallinity and good interdomain connectivity are obtained. The electron mobility significantly increases from the original value of 1.8 to 3.2 cm2 V−1 s−1. This work demonstrates that “solution‐state supramolecular structure” control is critical for understanding and optimization of the thin‐film morphology and charge‐transport properties of conjugated polymers.
A supramolecular self‐assembly strategy is used to control the solution‐state structure of a conjugated polymer. It is revealed that the thin‐film morphology of the conjugated polymer inherits the features of their solution‐state supramolecular structures. Through “solution‐state supramolecular structure control”, the electron mobility of the polymer is boosted to 3.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, nearly doubling the original performance.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Doping of organic semiconductors is crucial for the operation of organic (opto)electronic and electrochemical devices. Typically, this is achieved by adding heterogeneous dopant molecules to the ...polymer bulk, often resulting in poor stability and performance due to dopant sublimation or aggregation. In small-molecule donor-acceptor systems, charge transfer can yield high and stable electrical conductivities, an approach not yet explored in all-conjugated polymer systems. Here, we report ground-state electron transfer in all-polymer donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Combining low-ionization-energy polymers with high-electron-affinity counterparts yields conducting interfaces with resistivity values five to six orders of magnitude lower than the separate single-layer polymers. The large decrease in resistivity originates from two parallel quasi-two-dimensional electron and hole distributions reaching a concentration of ∼10
cm
. Furthermore, we transfer the concept to three-dimensional bulk heterojunctions, displaying exceptional thermal stability due to the absence of molecular dopants. Our findings hold promise for electro-active composites of potential use in, for example, thermoelectrics and wearable electronics.
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FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The lithium stripping process generates vacancies, which may accumulate as voids and lead to uneven current distribution and dendrite growth in the following plating cycles. A stack pressure is ...typically required during stripping, but how to optimize the stack pressure is not clear. In this work, extremely lithiophilic Li/Li
2
O and lithiophobic Li/LiF interfaces were used to reveal the combining effect of interface interaction and stack pressure induced lithium creep on the stripping critical current density (CCD). A multiscale simulation scheme with Density Functional Theory (DFT), kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, and an analytical model was developed. The analytical model predicted lithiophobic interfaces require a higher stack pressure than lithiophilic interfaces to reach the same CCD. The KMC simulations also showed higher stack pressure is needed at lithiophobic interfaces to accelerate Li vacancy diffusion into the bulk and maintain a flat surface. This stack pressure needs to be high enough to alter the Li forward-and-backward hopping barriers at the interface. This multiscale simulation scheme illustrates the importance to include the chemical-mechanical effects during Li stripping morphology evolution. It can be used to design ideal interlayer coating materials to maintain a flat Li surface during cycling.
Precision medicine is becoming the standard of care in anti-cancer treatment. The personalized precision management of cancer patients highly relies on the improvement of new technology in next ...generation sequencing and high-throughput big data processing for biological and radiographic information.Systemic precision cancer therapy has been developed for years. However, the role of precision medicine in radiotherapy has not yet been fully implemented. Emerging evidence has shown that precision radiotherapy for cancer patients is possible with recent advances in new radiotherapy technologies, panomics, radiomics and dosiomics.This review focused on the role of precision radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and demonstrated the current landscape.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and perioperative outcomes following neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable non–small cell lung ...cancer (NSCLC).
Patients with stage I to III NSCLC treated with immunotherapy with or without chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone prior to lobectomy were identified in the National Cancer Database (2010-2018). The percentage of operations performed minimally invasively, conversion rates, and perioperative outcomes were evaluated using propensity-score matching. Propensity-score matching was also used to compare perioperative outcomes between patients who underwent an open lobectomy and those who underwent an MIS lobectomy after neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
Of the 4229 patients identified, 218 (5%) received neoadjuvant immunotherapy and 4011 (95%) received neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone. There was no difference in the rate of MIS lobectomy among patients who received immunotherapy compared with those who received chemotherapy alone in propensity score–matched analysis (60.8% vs 51.6%; P = .11). There also were no significant differences in the rate of conversion from MIS to open lobectomy (14% vs 15%, P = .83; odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-2.24) or in nodal downstaging, margin positivity, 30-day readmission, and 30- and 90-day mortality between the 2 groups. In a subgroup analysis of only patients treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy, there were no differences in pathologic or perioperative outcomes between patients who underwent open lobectomy and those who underwent MIS lobectomy.
In this national analysis, neoadjuvant immunotherapy for resectable NSCLC was not associated with an increased likelihood of the need for thoracotomy, conversion from MIS to open lobectomy, or inferior perioperative outcomes.
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Polymer semiconductors composed of a carbon-based π conjugated backbone have been studied for several decades as active layers of multifarious organic electronic devices. They combine the advantages ...of the electrical conductivity of metals and semiconductors and the mechanical behavior of plastics, which are going to become one of the futures of modulable electronic materials. The performance of conjugated materials depends both on their chemical structures and the multilevel microstructures in solid states. Despite the great efforts that have been made, they are still far from producing a clear picture among intrinsic molecular structures, microstructures, and device performances. This review summarizes the development of polymer semiconductors in recent decades from the aspects of material design and the related synthetic strategies, multilevel microstructures, processing technologies, and functional applications. The multilevel microstructures of polymer semiconductors are especially emphasized, which plays a decisive role in determining the device performance. The discussion shows the panorama of polymer semiconductors research and sets up a bridge across chemical structures, microstructures, and finally devices performances. Finally, this review discusses the grand challenges and future opportunities for the research and development of polymer semiconductors.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Claspin plays multiple important roles in regulation of DNA replication as a mediator for the cellular response to replication stress, an integral replication fork factor that facilitates replication ...fork progression and a factor that promotes initiation by recruiting Cdc7 kinase. Here, we report a novel role of Claspin in growth recovery from serum starvation, which requires the activation of PI3 kinase (PI3K)-PDK1-Akt-mTOR pathways. In the absence of Claspin, cells do not proceed into S phase and eventually die partially in a ROS- and p53-dependent manner. Claspin directly interacts with PI3K and mTOR, and is required for activation of PI3K-PDK1-mTOR and for that of mTOR downstream factors, p70S6K and 4EBP1, but not for p38 MAPK cascade during the recovery from serum starvation. PDK1 physically interacts with Claspin, notably with CKBD, in a manner dependent on phosphorylation of the latter protein, and is required for interaction of mTOR with Claspin. Thus, Claspin plays a novel role as a key regulator for nutrition-induced proliferation/survival signaling by activating the mTOR pathway. The results also suggest a possibility that Claspin may serve as a common mediator that receives signals from different PI3K-related kinases and transmit them to specific downstream kinases.
Net-zero emissions energy systems Davis, Steven J; Lewis, Nathan S; Shaner, Matthew ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2018-Jun-29, 2018-06-29, 20180629, Volume:
360, Issue:
6396
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Some energy services and industrial processes-such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing-are particularly difficult to ...provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO
) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO
to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs with 18–26 nucleotides; they pair with target mRNAs to regulate gene expression and produce significant changes in various physiological and ...pathological processes. In recent years, the interaction between miRNAs and their target genes has become one of the mainstream directions for drug development. As a large-scale biological database that mainly provides miRNA–target interactions (MTIs) verified by biological experiments, miRTarBase has undergone five revisions and enhancements. The database has accumulated >2 200 449 verified MTIs from 13 389 manually curated articles and CLIP-seq data. An optimized scoring system is adopted to enhance this update’s critical recognition of MTI-related articles and corresponding disease information. In addition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms and disease-related variants related to the binding efficiency of miRNA and target were characterized in miRNAs and gene 3′ untranslated regions. miRNA expression profiles across extracellular vesicles, blood and different tissues, including exosomal miRNAs and tissue-specific miRNAs, were integrated to explore miRNA functions and biomarkers. For the user interface, we have classified attributes, including RNA expression, specific interaction, protein expression and biological function, for various validation experiments related to the role of miRNA. We also used seed sequence information to evaluate the binding sites of miRNA. In summary, these enhancements render miRTarBase as one of the most research-amicable MTI databases that contain comprehensive and experimentally verified annotations. The newly updated version of miRTarBase is now available at https://miRTarBase.cuhk.edu.cn/.
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