Since the mid-1990s, South Korea has undergone two remarkable social changes: a large-scale expansion in higher education and a transition to lowest-low fertility. These changes offer an appropriate ...quasi-experimental setting for the causal inferences of the impacts of college education on transitions into marriage and parenthood. I examine the effects of the large-scale college expansion on first marriage and first childbirth, using data from South Korea. I define two cohorts of women depending on their exposure to the expansion (pre-expansion versus post-expansion), and from this I identify a marginal group affected by the college expansion. Using a difference-in-difference approach, I examine how marriage and childbirth changes in this group (the New College Class) differed in comparison with the changes in other groups (the High School Class and the Traditional College Class). I found a considerable impact of college expansion on the falling rates of first marriage and first childbirth among the New College Class women. The growing divide in family formation between college graduates and non-college graduates explains a large part of the total college expansion effects, while the effect of increased education among New College Class women was minimal. The college expansion in South Korea did have an impact, but the impact was mostly indirect from interactions with other social structural changes.
Children with many siblings have lower average educational attainment compared with children raised in smaller families, and this disadvantage by sibship size has been observed across many countries. ...We still know remarkably little, however, about how sibship size disadvantage has changed within countries and how such trends vary across countries. Using comparative data from 111 surveys from 26 low-fertility countries, we find an overall trend of growing sibship size disadvantage across cohorts in the majority of countries: between the 1931–1940 birth cohort and the 1971–1980 birth cohort, 16 of 26 countries showed a statistically significant increase in sibship size disadvantage in education, while only two countries showed a significant reduction in sibship size disadvantage. The disadvantage in years of education associated with having an additional sibling increased remarkably in post-socialist (0.3) and East Asian countries (0.34) and, to a lesser extent, Western European countries (0.2). In contrast, this disadvantage showed little change in Nordic countries (0.05) and even decreased in Anglo-Saxon countries (–0.11). We discuss explanations and implications of our comparative evidence in the context of the intergenerational transmission of education.
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CEKLJ, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, ODKLJ, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Why do organizations respond differently to social policies? This is an important question because it gives us a clue as to why social progress is often slow even with successful legislation. We ...argue that HR professionals' conflicting roles within organizations affect modes of organizations' compliance with a law because HR professionals are expected to adjust legal pressure to business interests when translating external requirements into internal policies. How they manage this challenge depends on variation in the development of different dimensions of their professional agency: formalization and substantive empowerment. We demonstrate empirically this argument by taking the case of South Korea's parental leave policy. Using workplace-level data, we find that the presence of formal HR structures predicts that minimal compliance is more likely than is noncompliance, but is less likely than is maximal compliance, and that substantively empowered HR professionals contribute to making both compliance and maximal compliance more probable.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
One's number of siblings is an important determinant of many life outcomes, such as educational attainment. In the last century the United States has experienced a 'sibsize revolution', in which ...sibship sizes declined, and which led to a convergence in family circumstances for children. Did this happen in other countries as well? This study examines the development of sibship size and social disparities in sibship size in low-fertility countries across the 20th century. We analyze sibship size data collected from 111 nationally representative surveys conducted in 26 low-fertility countries across the 20th century. Average sibship sizes have declined in virtually all countries. Average sibship sizes are socially stratified, with smaller sibship sizes among higher-educated parents. This social disparity in sibship size has declined over time, indicating convergence in most countries. This convergence applies to large families, but not to only-child families.
The role of education in the process of socioeconomic attainment is a topic of long standing interest to sociologists and economists. Recently there has been growing interest not only in estimating ...the average causal effect of education on outcomes such as earnings, but also in estimating how causal effects might vary over individuals or groups. In this paper we point out one of the under-appreciated hazards of seeking to estimate heterogeneous causal effects: conventional selection bias (that is, selection on baseline differences) can easily be mistaken for heterogeneity of causal effects. This might lead us to find heterogeneous effects when the true effect is homogenous, or to wrongly estimate not only the magnitude but also the sign of heterogeneous effects. We apply a test for the robustness of heterogeneous causal effects in the face of varying degrees and patterns of selection bias, and we illustrate our arguments and our method using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data.
We introduce a simple algorithm providing a compressed representation (
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Previous research suggests that increasing job mobility leads to increasing economic inequality. In this study, I argue that an increase in job mobility can be inequality reducing, depending on the ...macro-structural context in which job changes become more frequent. I demonstrate empirical evidence by applying a new analytical approach to data.from the South Korean economic crisis of the late 1990s. I find that rates of job transitions increased significantly during and after the economic crisis, and that more frequent movements between jobs ameliorated the rising trend in inequality: in other words, inequality in occupational status after the crisis would have been even greater had it not been for changes in the pattern of transitions between jobs.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
•We estimate the causal effect of college expansion on earnings in South Korea.•We examine those who would attend college due to expansion but otherwise would not.•Total expansion effect consists of ...human capital effect and skill price effect.•For men, total expansion effect is moderate, mostly due to skill price effect.•For women, total expansion effect is large, mostly due to human capital effect.
In this study, we estimate the causal effect of college expansion on earnings using the example of South Korea in the 1990s where the college enrollment rate increased from just over thirty percent to over eighty percent over a fifteen years period. We compare the pre-expansion cohort and the post-expansion cohort in order to identify those who would attend college because of the expansion but would not attend otherwise (compliers). We, then, estimate compliers’ earnings gain from the college expansion relative to the earnings changes of two control groups: those who either would or would not go to college regardless of college expansion (always-takers and never-takers). We find a striking gendered pattern; for men, the earnings return to college expansion is moderate and mostly driven by the increasing skill price, whereas, for women, the return is significantly large even net of the skill price change.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Adult children’s labor market status and their type of marriage are major channels through which family advantages are passed from one generation to the next. However, these two routes are seldom ...studied together. We develop a theoretical approach to incorporate marriage entry and marital sorting into the intergenerational transmission of family income, accounting for differences between sons and daughters and considering education as a central explanatory factor. Using a novel decomposition method applied to data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that marriage plays a major role in intergenerational transmission only among daughters and not until they reach their late-30s. This is more salient in the recent cohort in our data (people born 1963 to 1975). Marital status and marital sorting are comparably important in accounting for the role of marriage, but sorting becomes more important over cohorts. The increasing earnings returns to education over a husband’s career and the weakening association between parental income and daughter’s own earnings explain why marital sorting, and marriage overall, have been growing more important for intergenerational transmission from parents to their daughters.
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BFBNIB, INZLJ, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
We report that the doping of energetic nitrogen cations (N 2 + ) on graphene effectively controls the local N–C bonding structures and the π-band of graphene critically depending on ion energy E k ...(100 eV ≤ E k ≤ 500 eV) by using a combined study of photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. With increasing E k , we find a phase transformation of the N–C bonding structures from a graphitic phase where nitrogen substitutes carbon to a pyridinic phase where nitrogen loses one of its bonding arms, with a critical energy E ck = 100 eV that separates the two phases. The N 2 + -induced changes in the π-band with varying E k indicate an n-doping effect in the graphitic phase for E k < E ck but a p-doping effect for the pyridinic graphene for E k > E ck. We further show that one may control the electron charge density of graphene by two orders of magnitude by varying E k of N 2 + ions within the energy range adopted. Our DFT-based band calculations reproduce the distinct doping effects observed in the π-band of the N 2 + -doped graphene and provide an orbital origin of the different doping types. We thus demonstrate that the doping type and electron number density in the N 2 + ion-doped SLG can be artificially fine-controlled by adjusting the kinetic energy of incoming N 2 + ions.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
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