This communication presents linear and planar binomial arrays for extremely low sidelobe level (SLL) on a single substrate using series feed configuration. Binomial distribution is achieved using ...tapered patch width. A seven-element linear binomial array using U-shaped series feed is designed and compared with a conventional series-fed array having identical radiating elements. A conventional series-fed array provides a gain of 14.9 dBi and an SLL of −14.5 dB. However, the binomial array provides SLL of −28 dB with 12.5 dBi gain at 5.76 GHz. A planar series-fed binomial array is designed using series and corner feed lines in E- and H-planes, respectively. A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">3\times3 </tex-math></inline-formula> element series-fed planar binomial array is fabricated, and the measured results agree with simulated values. It provides SLL of less than −28 dB in both E- and H-planes with 12.8 dBi gain at 5.76 GHz. Both linear and planar binomial arrays provide extremely low SLL.
Linear arrays along radiating (E-plane) and nonradiating (H-plane) edges are designed for broadside radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz using U-shaped series- and corner-feed configurations, respectively. ...U-shaped feedlines are used to reduce the interelement spacing and size of the array. A 25-element radiating edge linear array provides 19.9 dBi gain with sidelobe level (SLL) and cross polar (X-pol) level of less than −15.3 and −33.8 dB, respectively. Nonradiating edge linear array is designed up to 31 elements using the corner-feed configuration to achieve 18 dBi gain with SLL and X-pol level of less than −15.2 and −22.5 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a planar array is designed using the series and corner feeds in E- and H-planes. A <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">15 \times 15 </tex-math></inline-formula>-element array is designed to achieve 24.4 dBi gain with SLL and X-pol level of less than −14.7 and −18.8 dB, respectively, in both the E- and H-planes. This array eliminates the need of complex-, multilayer-, and lossy-feed network and improves SLL and X-pol level. A planar array of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">9 \times 9 </tex-math></inline-formula> elements is fabricated, and the measured results are in agreement with the simulated results.
A uniplanar microstrip antenna (MSA) is proposed with a simple feed to achieve the endfire radiation pattern with less size, improved gain, and front-to-back ratio (F/B) at 2.45 GHz. The proposed ...antenna is realized using the concept of MSA and Yagi-Uda antenna. Effects of various antenna parameters are analyzed on the reflection coefficient and gain. Optimized uniplanar MSA provides 6.7 dBi gain with F/B of 19 dB at 2.45 GHz. The designed antenna is uniplanar with the size of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.47\lambda _{\mathrm {o}} \times 0.13\lambda _{\mathrm {o}} </tex-math></inline-formula>. A director element is added to improve the gain of the antenna to 8.2 dBi with F/B of better than 18 dB. The size of the uniplanar MSA with the director is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">0.47\lambda _{\mathrm {o}} \times 0.36\lambda _{\mathrm {o}} </tex-math></inline-formula>. The experimental results of the fabricated antenna are in good agreement with the simulated results.
In this study, a low cost, broadband and high gain multilayer multiresonator microstrip antenna (MSA) is designed. It consists of one metallic fed patch at the bottom layer and two circular patches ...(1B2 T) are printed on the bottom side of the top FR4 substrate layer, which is air suspended. Two configurations with the bottom patch of circular and elliptical shapes are compared. The elliptical 1B2 T MSA provides better bandwidth (BW), i.e. 53.4% with peak gain of 9.8 dBi. The antenna design parameters are selected to provide maximum BW with uniform gain. The elliptical 1B2 T MSA is further enclosed in a metallic cavity, which improves the BW, gain and front to back (F/B) ratio of the antenna. The elliptical 1B2 T MSA with cavity enclosure is fabricated and tested. Experimental results are in agreement with simulated ones. The elliptical 1B2 T MSA with cavity provides 55.7% BW with peak gain of 12.1 dBi and F/B of >18 dB. The proposed antenna can be used in GPS, 2G, 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi frequency bands applications.
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A low cost, broadband, and high gain stacked equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMSA) is designed to cover the frequency band from 1700 to 2600 MHz with low cross polar level (X‐pol). The ...antenna consists of a metallic ETMSA at the bottom layer and three parasitically coupled ETMSAs (1B3T) are printed symmetrically on the bottom side of the top FR‐4 substrate layer, which is supported by foam inserted between the top and bottom layers. The bottom patch is shorted by a metallic via at its center. It improves the X‐pol in upper frequency band. The 1B3T ETMSA is further enclosed in a metallic cavity to improve the gain and front to back ratio (F/B). The fabricated 1B3T ETMSA provides 42.2% BW with peak gain of 10.8 dBi, F/B of more than 15.8 dB and X‐pol of less than −13.6 dB throughout the BW. The proposed antenna can be used for RF energy harvesting in 2G, 3G, 4G, and Wi‐Fi frequency bands.
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A broadband directional endfire printed antenna is proposed with a simple unbalanced feed, compact size, stable gain, and high front to back ratio (F/B). The antenna consists of a microstrip driven ...with U‐shaped ground and reflector elements to reduce the antenna size. The reflector increases the directivity and F/B in the lower frequency band. The parasitic element, which is located close to the driven element and also acts like director, enhances the bandwidth (BW) and gain in the upper frequency band. Prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated with antenna size of 0.48λo × 0.35λo. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed antenna provides 62.6% (1.606‐3.07 GHz) BW with stable gain (5‐6.8 dBi) and min F/B of 15 dB. The proposed endfire antenna is a good candidate for wireless applications in 2G, 3G, 4G, Wi‐Fi, and lower WiMAX bands.
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In this article, broadband and high gain antennas are designed for bandwidth from 1.7 to 2.5 GHz which covers GSM 1800, 3G, 4G, and Wi‐Fi applications. The antennas are designed using 1 bottom and 2 ...top patches (1B2T) stacked microstrip antenna configuration and its array. The antenna structures consist of copper metallic plate as the bottom patch and low‐cost FR4 substrate for the top patches in air suspended mode. The antennas are enclosed in a metallic cavity which supports top substrate and increases gain and front‐to‐back ratio. The bandwidth for |S11| ≤ −10 dB and peak gain for this configuration are 41.5% and 11.9 dBi, respectively. A broadband 2 × 2 array of 1B2T configuration is designed using tapered feed network to provide impedance matching for broad bandwidth. The structures are designed, fabricated, and tested. A bandwidth of 44% and peak gain of 16.6 dBi has been achieved using 2 × 2 array. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The proposed antennas are good candidates for wireless communication systems.
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In this paper, 8 element linear antenna array is designed for ISM band at an optimum operating frequency of 2.48 GHz for conventional microstrip patch antenna using CST Microwave Studio. Element ...spacing has been optimized to 0.5λ to remove mutual coupling which makes focusing of main beam towards unwanted direction and shifts the resonant frequency. Focusing main beam toward look direction and directing nulls in the jamming signals direction are obtained by applying excitation weight vectors produced by different variants of Non-Blind LMS beamforming algorithm. On the basis of these algorithms, antenna array efficiency, normalized array factor and mean square error (MSE) are examined for mobile communication. Side lobe levels, null depth and computational complexity have also been analyzed for comparative analysis.
In this paper, a circular compact dumbbell shaped microstrip antenna is designed in normal mode suspended configuration at 2.25 GHz. Two symmetric slots in circular patch are cut to reduce the size ...of antenna. Parametric study of slot length and width is done to optimize the dimensions of slot. The size of the designed antenna is reduced by 72% in comparison to conventional circular microstrip antenna. Various performance parameters like gain, bandwidth are compared and analyzed. Compact dumbbell shaped microstrip antenna suppresses the higher order harmonics. Radome and cavity are used to protect the antenna from environment and unwanted interference. Compact antenna with radome provides more bandwidth due to the superstrate loading effect. 225 MHz bandwidth is achieved at 2.25 GHz for the designed compact configuration. Peak gain of 7 dBi is obtained for this configuration. Half power beam width of 90° is achieved with broadside and stable radiation pattern throughout the bandwidth. Front to back lobe ratio of better than 13 dB and cross polar level of better than 28 dB is achieved. Antenna is fabricated and results are measured to verify the concept. This antenna can be used in telemetry systems which are used to study missile health parameters.
A compact and broadband elliptical microstrip antenna (MSA) is designed using multilayer stacked patches with direct coupling. Two dumbbell shaped patches are printed underneath an air suspended FR-4 ...substrate layer. These patches are stacked on the top of an elliptical MSA, which is designed on the bottom layer, and fit in the same area as occupied by elliptical patch. The dumbbell shaped patches are excited through electromagnetic and direct coupling, which is enabled by connecting two symmetric shorting posts between ellipse and dumbbell shaped patches. The antenna geometry is enclosed in a metallic cavity enclosure to enhance gain and to reduce back radiation. The designed elliptical MSA is a low-cost antenna with compact size of 0.85 \lambda \times 0.6 \lambda \times 0.15 \lambda. It provides 43% BW (1.621 to 2.51 GHz) with peak gain of 9 dBi and front to back ratio (FBR) of more than 16 dB over BW. The cross polarization (X-pol) is less than 20 dB from 1.7 to 2.51 GHz. The designed antenna can be used for IoT devices utilizing 2G, 3G,4G-LTE, Wi-Fi and 5G applications.
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