State of the art in hard turning Bartarya, Gaurav; Choudhury, S.K.
International journal of machine tools & manufacture,
02/2012, Volume:
53, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Hard turning is gaining grounds for machining hardened steels as it has several benefits over grinding. There are several issues, which should be understood and dealt with, to achieve successful ...performance of the process. Researchers have worked upon several aspects related to hard turning. The present work is an effort to review some of these works and to understand the key issues related to process performance. The review shows that the type of tool material, cutting edge geometry and cutting parameters affect the process efficiencies in terms of tool forces, surface integrities integrity, and white layer. Adequate machine rigidity is a must essential to minimize the process inaccuracies. Also moreover, for finish hard turning, where the depth of cut is less than the nose radius of the tool, the forces deviate from the conventional trends as the radial force component is the maximum and axial force component becomes minimum. The present work finally lists down certain areas that can be taken up for further research in hard turning.
► Review shows many areas and problems still to be addressed in hard turning. ► Effective investigations about force and friction conditions are still to be taken up. ► Very little work has been done to reduce tensile stresses on the machined surface. ► Different phases in hardened steel are cut simultaneously by the tool. ► So, forces should be modelled on microstructure level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The term theranostics is the combination of a diagnostic tool that helps to define the right therapeutic tool for specific disease. It signifies the "we know which sites require treatment (diagnostic ...scan) and confirm that those sites have been treated (post-therapy scan)" demonstrating the achievable tumor dose concept. This term was first used by John Funkhouser at the beginning of the 90s, at the same time the concept of personalized medicine appeared. In nuclear medicine, theranostics is easy to apply and understand because of an easy switch from diagnosis to therapy with the same vector. It helps in maximizing tumor dose and sparing normal tissue with high specific and rapid uptake in metastasis. The oldest application of this concept is radioactive iodine I-131 (RAI). The first treatment based on the theranostic concept was performed on thyroid cancer patients with RAI in 1946. From then on management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has evolved on the multimodality concept. We now use the term "our" patient instead of "my" patient to signify this. However, the initial surgical management followed by RAI as per the theranostics has remained the mainstay in achieving a cure in most of DTC patients. The normal thyroid cells metabolise iodine, the principle of which is utilized in imaging of the thyroid gland with isotopes of iodine. RAI treatment of DTC is based on the principle of sodium iodide symporter (NIS) expressing thyroid cells with DTC cells having the ability of trapping circulating RAI successfully helping in treatment of residual and metastatic disease. NIS is usually negative in poorly differentiated cells and is inversely proportional to Glucose transporter receptor Type 1 expression. Both positive and negative NIS are the key components of the theranostic approach in treatment of DTC. Presence or absence of NIS is documented by either whole body iodine scintigraphy (WBS) or 2-deoxy-2(
F) fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT). Currently, single photon emission CT and CT (SPECT-CT) has significantly improved the precision and sensitivity of whole body iodine scintigraphy with its capability of accurate localization of disease foci whether iodine avid or non-avid. This has helped in a more personalized approach in treatment. This review will give an overview of the role of NIS in the theranostic approach to management with RAI, its current status and also the molecular approach to treatment in RAI refractory disease.
The researchers have worked on many facets of machining of hardened steel using different tool materials and came up with their own recommendations. Researchers have tried to investigate the effects ...of cutting parameters, tool materials, different coatings and tool geometry on different machinability aspects like, the tool life, surface roughness, cutting forces, chip morphology, residual stresses and the tool–chip interface temperature under dry and/or semi-dry and/or flood cooling environment during machining of hardened steels while many of them have ventured to characterize the wear phenomenon. Good amount of research has been performed on an analytical and/or numerical and/or empirical modeling of the cutting forces, tool–chip interface temperature, and tool wear under orthogonal/oblique cutting conditions during machining of hardened steels. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on machining of hardened steels using coated tools, studies related to hard turning, different cooling methods and attempts made so far to model machining performance(s) so as to give proper attention to the various researcher works.
•Coated carbide tools: encouraging potential for hard turning.•Hard turning: use of coolants and various cooling techniques.•Coated carbide tools: economical alternative to costly PCBN and ceramic tools.•Tool materials and microgeometry plays a pivotal role in hard turning.•Hard turning: modeling of tool wear and cutting force.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
As part of the High Luminosity LHC detector upgrade programme, the CMS experiment is developing a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. The HGCAL will be ...realised as a sampling calorimeter, including 36 layers of silicon pads and 14 layers combining both silicon and scintillator detectors interspersed with metal absorber plates. Prototype modules based on 6-inch hexagonal silicon pad sensors with pad areas of 1.0 cm2 have been constructed. Beam tests of different sampling configurations made from these modules have been conducted at the CERN SPS using beams of charged hadrons and electrons with momenta ranging from 20 to 300 GeV/c. The setup was complemented with a CALICE Analog Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL) prototype, a scintillator-based sampling calorimeter, mimicking the proposed design of the HGCAL scintillator part. Test beam measurements at CERN in October 2018 are presented, including measurements of pedestal and noise, calibration with single charged particles and energy reconstruction performance of electron and hadron induced showers. Measurements of the timing capabilities of this prototype system are also reported.
Abstract
The CMS phase-1 pixel detector was designed to cope with an instantaneous luminosity of 2 × 10
34
cm
−2
s
−1
and 25 ns bunch spacing with very small efficiency loss. The upgraded detector ...has 124 million channels that features a 4-hit coverage in the tracking volume with an additional layer in the barrel and one extra disk in both the endcaps. DC-DC converters have been used to deliver more power to the detector without the need of replacing the cable plant. A CO
2
based cooling system was implemented and carbon fibre based support structures were used to reduce the material budget in the tracking volume. The data acquisition system was upgraded to cope with higher collision rates with a digital data format from the detector front-ends. The detector was installed in early 2017 and has been successfully operated since then. In this paper, the design and construction, operational experience and the performance of the phase-1 pixel detector at LHC Run 2 will be summarised.
We analyse traversable wormholes defined by the dynamic line elements that asymptotically approach Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe. These dynamical wormholes is supported by the galactic ...dark matter as well as perfect isotropic fluid. We will discuss several evolving Lorentzian wormholes comprising with different perfect isotropic fluids in addition to various scale factors. We will speculate the various significance, features and throat energy conditions for these evolving traversable Lorentzian wormholes.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Various PV array configurations are investigated in this study.•Investigation using P-V curve, power loss, FF and shade dispersion is done.•Magic square puzzle pattern based PV array configurations ...are proposed.•Proposed magic square configuration is found better for most of shading cases.
Partial shading conditions decrease the power output from PV arrays. In partial shading conditions the PV modules of the array receive the different solar irradiation, so the arrays exhibit multiple peaks in P-V and I-V characteristics hence mismatch loss occurs between the PV modules. This paper investigates the performance improvement in existing solar photovoltaic (PV) array by re-configurations of the array. The MATLAB/Simulink modeling of PV array configurations such as total cross-tied (TCT), proposed hybrid series parallel - total cross-tied (SP-TCT), bridge link- total cross-tied (BL-TCT), bridge link- honey comb (BL-HC), Magic Square (MS) and MS puzzle pattern based reconfiguration like Re-arranged total-cross-tied (RTCT), Re-arranged series parallel- total-cross-tied (RSP-TCT), Re-arranged bridge link- total cross-tied (RBL-TCT) and Re-arranged bridge link- honey comb (RBL-HC) is done. The performance of all these configurations has been investigated using P-V characteristics, power loss due to shading, fill factor and shading dispersion effect on maximum power point (MPP) for various shading patterns namely pattern-1 (vertical shading), 2 (horizontal shading) and 3 (diagonal shading). Extensive analysis is carried out on a 4×4 PV array configurations for these shading patterns. The power at MPP of MS and RTCT configurations is 2279W more, mismatch power loss is 300W less, and fill factor (FF) is 9.91 more than TCT configuration. The performances of proposed configurations are found superior for some cases of shading patterns.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In vitro
cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the pharmaceutical industry. When these tools fail, the results are costly and have at times, proven deadly. One ...promising new tool to enhance preclinical development of drugs is Organs on Chips (OOCs), proposed as a clinically and physiologically relevant means of modeling health and disease. Bringing the patient from
bedside to bench
in this form requires that the design, build, and test of OOCs be founded in clinical observations and methods. By creating OOCs as models of the patient, the industry may be better positioned to evaluate medicinal therapeutics
In vitro
cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract Earlier work is generalized to obtain novel conditionally-integrable hierarchies of various P T -symmetric, nonlinear partial differential equations. The Painlevé Test yields the possible ...integrable cases. These are labeled by the integer n , the order of the dominant pole in the Laurent expansion for the solution. For the P T -symmetric Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation which has been considered earlier, further analysis using the extended homogeneous balance technique gives the near-Lax Pair. Next, a P T -Symmetric hierarchy of (2 + 1) Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations is considered. The Painlevé Test and Invariant Painlevé analysis in (2 + 1) dimensions yield special solutions and Bäcklund Transformations for the integrable cases.
Abstract
We have created an estimated metallicity map of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using the Magellanic Cloud Photometric Survey (MCPS) and Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE III) ...photometric data. This is a first of its kind map of metallicity up to a radius of ∼2.5°. We identify the Red Giant Branch (RGB) in the V, (V − I) colour–magnitude diagrams of small sub-regions of varying sizes in both data sets. We use the slope of the RGB as an indicator of the average metallicity of a sub-region and calibrate the RGB slope to metallicity using available spectroscopic data for selected sub-regions. The average metallicity of the SMC is found to be Fe/H = −0.94 dex (σFe/H = 0.09) from OGLE III and Fe/H = −0.95 dex (σFe/H = 0.08) from MCPS. We confirm a shallow but significant metallicity gradient within the inner SMC up to a radius of 2.5° (−0.045 ± 0.004 to −0.067 ± 0.006 dex deg−1).
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