Surveying the population and revenue of six Palestinian cities-Jerusalem, Hebron, Gaza, Ramie, Nabulus, and Safed-in the sixteenth-century, Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis consider the numbers, ...composition, and distribution of the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish population, and discuss the different headings of revenue, the manner of assessment and collection, the yield, and the destination of the money collected. This monograph traces these developments, in detail, over an extended period and for a significant area of the Ottoman Empire.
Based on theTapuregisters in Istanbul and Ankara, this book provides to the academic world a collection and analysis of documents previously unavailable and unreadable except to a very small number of people. Translations and annotations of these texts illuminate and explain the terms and institutions found in Ottoman surveys of population and taxation. Professors Cohen and Lewis establish the fact that in the cities of Palestine, population and revenue showed a rather spectacular parallel development towards the middle of the sixteenth-century when the disruptive conditions of the conquest had disappeared and Ottoman administration had been well established. Then, in the latter half of the century, they find a recession again.
Originally published in 1978.
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Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a rare, multisystemic congenital disease with estimated frequency of 1/26370 births in Europe. Most cases are sporadic and caused by unilateral abnormal morphogenesis ...of the first and second pharyngeal arches. The aim of this study is to define the types and frequency of maxillofacial and systemic malformations in HFM patients. This is a case series study of patients with HFM evaluated at a single institution. Data were acquired through history, physical examination, photographs, diagnostic radiology, and laboratory and analyzed by the FileMakerPro database on 95 patients (54F; 41M) of which 89 met the inclusion criteria. Mandibular hypoplasia was observed in 86 patients with right‐side preponderance (50). One patient had bilateral mandibular hypoplasia. Seventy‐four had external ear anomalies (anotia or microtia). Eleven had bilateral malformed ears. Hearing impairment, associated with stenosis or atresia of the external ear canal, was found in 69 patients (eight with bilateral canal defects). Ocular anomalies were seen in 41 (23 with dermoid cysts) and 39 had orbital malformations. Facial nerve paralysis was observed in 38 patients. Cleft lip/palate (10), preauricular tags (55), and macrostomia (41) were also described. A total of 73/86 had systemic malformations, mainly vertebral (40), genitourinary (25), and cardiovascular (28). Sixteen had cerebral anomalies (four with intellectual disability). All patients suspected of HFM should undergo a complete systematic clinical and imaging investigation to define the full scope of anomalies. Since the disease is rare and complex, affected patients should be monitored by specialized multidisciplinary team centers.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The effects of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) on thyroid carcinogenesis needs to be determined in a large population. This study evaluates the incidence and the risk factors ...contributing to secondary thyroid carcinoma (STC) in patients who receive transplantation.
We performed a retrospective investigational study, comparing data obtained by means of a two-step questionnaire from the 166 centers who replied, and data reported to the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry on their transplantation activity. During the follow-up period (1985 to 2003), 32 instances of STC were found within the EBMT cohort of 68,936 patients who received transplants. These patients were then compared with age- and sex-specific incidence rates in the European population and risk factors for STC were analyzed.
The standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of STC in the population who underwent transplantation was 3.26, in comparison with the European population. Multivariate analysis revealed that young age at transplantation was the strongest risk factor for STC (relative risk RR, 24.61 for age 0 to 10 years; RR, 4.80 for age 11 to 20). Other risk factors were irradiation (RR, 3.44), female sex (RR, 2.79), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (RR, 2.94). Nine patients showed no clinical signs of thyroid illness at diagnosis. Total thyroidectomy and iodine ablation was the standard treatment for the majority of patients, and only one patient died due to STC progression.
Long-term survivors of HSCT are at risk for STCs. These results should promote efforts in screening for early detection and treatment guidelines of secondary thyroid cancer after HSCT, especially in patients who receive transplants during childhood and adolescence.
The Ottoman Middle East discusses various political, social, cultural and economic aspects of the Ottoman Middle East. By using various textual and visual documents, produced in the Ottoman Empire, ...the collection offers new insights into the matrix of life under Ottoman rule.
This reconstruction of the guilds that functioned in Jerusalem during the Ottoman period draws on the archives of the local court of Muslim Jerusalem, but also includes information on the Jewish and ...Christan communities. About 50 different guilds are described.
Background
Transient tachypnea of the newborn is characterized by tachypnea and signs of respiratory distress. Transient tachypnea typically appears within the first two hours of life in term and ...late preterm newborns. Although transient tachypnea of the newborn is usually a self limited condition, it is associated with wheezing syndromes in late childhood. The rationale for the use of epinephrine (adrenaline) for transient tachypnea of the newborn is based on studies showing that β‐agonists can accelerate the rate of alveolar fluid clearance.
Objectives
To assess whether epinephrine compared to placebo, no treatment or any other drugs (excluding salbutamol) is effective and safe in the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn in infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1996 to March 2016), EMBASE (1980 to March 2016) and CINAHL (1982 to March 2016). We applied no language restrictions. We searched the s of the major congresses in the field (Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand and Pediatric Academic Societies) from 2000 to 2015.
Selection criteria
Randomized controlled trials, quasi‐randomized controlled trials and cluster trials comparing epinephrine versus placebo or no treatment or any other drugs administered to infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more and less than three days of age with transient tachypnea of the newborn.
Data collection and analysis
For the included trial, two review authors independently extracted data (e.g. number of participants, birth weight, gestational age, duration of oxygen therapy (hours), need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, etc.) and assessed the risk of bias (e.g. adequacy of randomization, blinding, completeness of follow‐up). The primary outcomes considered in this review were duration of oxygen therapy (hours), need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation.
Main results
One trial, which included 20 infants, met the inclusion criteria of this review. Study authors administered three doses of nebulized 2.25% racemic epinephrine or placebo. We found no differences between the two group in the duration of supplemental oxygen therapy (mean difference (MD) ‐6.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐54.80 to 41.60 hours) and need for mechanical ventilation (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.88; risk difference (RD) ‐0.07, 95% CI ‐0.46 to 0.32). Among secondary outcomes, we found no differences in terms of initiation of oral feeding. The quality of the evidence was limited due to the imprecision of the estimates.
Authors' conclusions
At present there is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of epinephrine in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn.
Background
Transient tachypnea of the newborn is characterized by tachypnea and signs of respiratory distress. Transient tachypnea typically appears within the first two hours of life in term and ...late preterm newborns. Although transient tachypnea of the newborn is usually a self limited condition, it is associated with wheezing syndromes in late childhood. The rationale for the use of salbutamol (albuterol) for transient tachypnea of the newborn is based on studies showing that β‐agonists can accelerate the rate of alveolar fluid clearance.
Objectives
To assess whether salbutamol compared to placebo, no treatment or any other drugs administered to treat transient tachypnea of the newborn, is effective and safe in the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn in infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more.
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1996 to March 2016), EMBASE (1980 to March 2016) and CINAHL (1982 to March 2016). We applied no language restrictions. We searched the s of the major congresses in the field (Perinatal Society of Australia New Zealand and Pediatric Academic Societies) from 2000 to 2015 and clinical trial registries.
Selection criteria
Randomized controlled trials, quasi‐randomized controlled trials and cluster trials comparing salbutamol versus placebo or no treatment or any other drugs administered to infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more and less than three days of age with transient tachypnea of the newborn.
Data collection and analysis
For each of the included trials, two review authors independently extracted data (e.g. number of participants, birth weight, gestational age, duration of oxygen therapy, need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, etc.) and assessed the risk of bias (e.g. adequacy of randomization, blinding, completeness of follow‐up). The primary outcomes considered in this review were duration of oxygen therapy, need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation.
Main results
Three trials, which included 140 infants, met the inclusion criteria. All three trials compared a nebulized dose of salbutamol with placebo; in one of the three trials newborns were assigned to two different doses of the intervention. We found differences in the duration of oxygen therapy (mean difference (MD) ‐43.10 hours, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐81.60 to ‐4.60). There were no differences in the need for continuous positive airway pressure (risk ratio (RR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.39; risk difference (RD) ‐0.15, 95% CI ‐0.45 to 0.16; 1 study, 46 infants) or the need for mechanical ventilation (RR 1.50, 95% CI 0.06 to 34.79; RD 0.03, 95% CI ‐0.08 to 0.14; 1 study, 46 infants). Tests for heterogeneity were not applicable for any of the analyses as only one study was included. Among secondary outcomes, we found no differences in terms of duration of hospital stay and tachypnea. The quality of the evidence was very low due to the imprecision of the estimates. One trial is ongoing.
Authors' conclusions
At present there is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of salbutamol in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn. The quality of evidence was low due to paucity of included trials, small sample sizes and overall poor methodologic quality.
Patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and perennial allergen sensitization are at increased risk for asthma.
To determine the allergic profile of patients with clinical AR in regions of the coastal ...Mediterranean compared with the inland southern desert area of Israel and the impact of specific allergen sensitization on the prevalence of asthma in these patients.
Retrospective evaluation of medical records from patients referred for evaluation during 2002 and 2003 to the allergy clinics of 3 medical centers located in different geoclimatic areas.
A total of 479 patients with AR were included (64% from the humid Mediterranean coast and 36% from the arid desert area), with a mean age of 32.8 years (range, 6-84 years). Sixty percent of the patients were male, and 33% had an additional diagnosis of asthma. Mite sensitization was 84%; cockroach, 34%; trees, 43%; weeds, 40%; grasses, 53%; and fungi, 30%. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of sensitization to any of the evaluated allergens except for weeds, which was higher in the arid region. A diagnosis of asthma was significantly associated with mite sensitization in the Mediterranean area (odds ratio, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-4.4; P = .02) and mold sensitization in the arid climate zone (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-4.6; P = .04).
Although sensitization to mites is high in the coastal areas and in the Negev desert-like environment, the presence of asthma in patients with AR is associated with mite sensitization in the humid environment but with fungal sensitization in the more arid environment.
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