Après l'économie, nous continuons à explorer les multiples composants de la mondialisation. Des analystes politiques nous éclairent sur les mutations en cours : le rôle des États face à ...l'émancipation des forces économiques, le jeu des organisations supranationales, l'avenir de la démocratie à l'ère du global, les formes d'appropriation ou de rejet de la mondialisation par les citoyens... Citoyens du monde, mondialité... L'explosion des nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication ayant aboli le temps et la distance, l'humanité a désormais conscience de son appartenance à un monde commun. En émergera-t-il pour autant une « société-monde » ? La communication en réseaux, l'information mondialisée, la transmission numérique immédiate des savoirs risquent-elles au contraire d'engendrer fragmentation et isolement ? Quels mécanismes d'inclusion et d'exclusion sont à l'œuvre ? La mondialisation est-elle convergente, homogénéisation des modes de vie et des cultures ? Réduit-elle ou exalte-t-elle les particularismes ? La diversité culturelle y a-t-elle place ? Durant tous ces questionnements, nous sommes guidés par des spécialistes de l'information, de la communication, de l'anthropologie, des langues, de la musique, de la culture. Géographes, urbanistes et sociologues nous aident à comprendre comment l'économie détermine l'espace mondial, ses territoires et ses parcours. Avec eux, nous abordons le paradoxe de la mondialisation, qui unifie le monde tout en maintenant des lieux séparés et autonomes, nous appréhendons la dynamique de ce processus évolutif et complexe. « Le temps du monde fini commence » pressentait Paul Valéry. C'était en 1931.
Within the framework of the ESRF Phase I Upgrade Programme, a new state‐of‐the‐art synchrotron beamline ID16B has been recently developed for hard X‐ray nano‐analysis. The construction of ID16B was ...driven by research areas with major scientific and societal impact such as nanotechnology, earth and environmental sciences, and bio‐medical research. Based on a canted undulator source, this long beamline provides hard X‐ray nanobeams optimized mainly for spectroscopic applications, including the combination of X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray excited optical luminescence, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and 2D/3D X‐ray imaging techniques. Its end‐station re‐uses part of the apparatus of the earlier ID22 beamline, while improving and enlarging the spectroscopic capabilities: for example, the experimental arrangement offers improved lateral spatial resolution (∼50 nm), a larger and more flexible capability for in situ experiments, and monochromatic nanobeams tunable over a wider energy range which now includes the hard X‐ray regime (5–70 keV). This paper describes the characteristics of this new facility, short‐term technical developments and the first scientific results.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Assessment of mother-child interactions is a core issue of early child development and psychopathology. This paper focuses on the concept of "synchrony" and examines (1) how synchrony in mother-child ...interaction is defined and operationalized; (2) the contribution that the concept of synchrony has brought to understanding the nature of mother-child interactions.
Between 1977 and 2013, we searched several databases using the following key-words: "synchrony" "interaction" and "mother-child". We focused on studies examining parent-child interactions among children aged 2 months to 5 years. From the 63 relevant studies, we extracted study description variables (authors, year, design, number of subjects, age); assessment conditions and modalities; and main findings.
The most common terms referring to synchrony were mutuality, reciprocity, rhythmicity, harmonious interaction, turn-taking and shared affect; all terms were used to characterize the mother-child dyad. As a consequence, we propose defining synchrony as a dynamic and reciprocal adaptation of the temporal structure of behaviors and shared affect between interactive partners. Three main types of assessment methods for studying synchrony emerged: (1) global interaction scales with dyadic items; (2) specific synchrony scales; and (3) micro-coded time-series analyses. It appears that synchrony should be regarded as a social signal per se as it has been shown to be valid in both normal and pathological populations. Better mother-child synchrony is associated with familiarity (vs. unknown partner), a healthy mother (vs. pathological mother), typical development (vs. psychopathological development), and a more positive child outcomes.
Synchrony is a key feature of mother-infant interactions. Adopting an objective approach in studying synchrony is not a simple task given available assessment tools and due to its temporality and multimodal expression. We propose an integrative approach combining clinical observation and engineering techniques to improve the quality of synchrony analysis.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells progressively lose functionality and fail to reject tumors. The underlying mechanism and re-programing induced by checkpoint blockers are incompletely understood. We ...show here that genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of histone lysine methyltransferase Suv39h1 delays tumor growth and potentiates tumor rejection by anti-PD-1. In the absence of Suv39h1, anti-PD-1 induces alternative activation pathways allowing survival and differentiation of IFNγ and Granzyme B producing effector cells that express negative checkpoint molecules, but do not reach final exhaustion. Their transcriptional program correlates with that of melanoma patients responding to immune-checkpoint blockade and identifies the emergence of cytolytic-effector tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a biomarker of clinical response. Anti-PD-1 favors chromatin opening in loci linked to T-cell activation, memory and pluripotency, but in the absence of Suv39h1, cells acquire accessibility in cytolytic effector loci. Overall, Suv39h1 inhibition enhances anti-tumor immune responses, alone or combined with anti-PD-1, suggesting that Suv39h1 is an "epigenetic checkpoint" for tumor immunity.
Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells maintain their identity throughout virtually infinite cell divisions. This phenomenon, referred to as self-renewal, depends on a network of sequence-specific ...transcription factors (TFs) and requires daughter cells to accurately reproduce the gene expression pattern of the mother. However, dramatic chromosomal changes take place in mitosis, generally leading to the eviction of TFs from chromatin. Here, we report that Esrrb, a major pluripotency TF, remains bound to key regulatory regions during mitosis. We show that mitotic Esrrb binding is highly dynamic, driven by specific recognition of its DNA-binding motif and is associated with early transcriptional activation of target genes after completion of mitosis. These results indicate that Esrrb may act as a mitotic bookmarking factor, opening another perspective to molecularly understand the role of sequence-specific TFs in the epigenetic control of self-renewal, pluripotency and genome reprogramming.
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IJS, NUK, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
This trial compared extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with non-ECMO ventilator care in patients with severe ARDS. There was no significant between-group difference in 60-day mortality. ...Interpretation was made difficult by crossovers from control to ECMO treatment.
The cone function is essential to mediate high visual acuity, color vision, and daylight vision. Inherited cone dystrophies and age-related macular degeneration affect a substantial percentage of the ...world population. To identify and isolate the most competent cells for transplantation and integration into the retina, cone tracing during development would be an important added value. To that aim, the Chrnb4-EGFP mouse line was characterized throughout retinogenesis. It revealed a sub-population of early retinal progenitors expressing the reporter gene that is progressively restricted to mature cones during retina development. The presence of the native CHRNB4 protein was confirmed in EGFP-positive cells, and it presents a similar pattern in the human retina. Sub-retinal transplantations of distinct subpopulations of Chrnb4-EGFP-expressing cells revealed the embryonic day 15.5 high-EGFP population the most efficient cells to interact with host retinas to provoke the appearance of EGFP-positive cones in the photoreceptor layer. Importantly, transplantations into the DsRed retinas revealed material exchanges between donor and host retinas, as >80% of transplanted EGFP-positive cones also were DsRed positive. Whether this cell material fusion is of significant therapeutic advantage requires further thorough investigations. The Chrnb4-EGFP mouse line definitely opens new research perspectives in cone genesis and retina repair.
In adult mouse and human retina, the beta-4 subunit of the Acetylcholine receptor (CHRNB4) is expressed only in cones. The Chrnb4-EGFP mouse served for cone lineage-tracing and transplantation studies. Transplantation of Chrnb4-EGFP cone precursors into DsRed retina revealed frequent bidirectional cellular material exchanges between donor and host cones.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Governments choose to issue risky or riskless debt depending on the nature of the stochastic process of output. We use Brownian motion and Poisson shocks—a modeling method in the literature on ...corporate default known as Lévy processes—to approximate a decomposition of the output process into a smooth and a jump component. Using an Eaton and Gersovitz (1981) model of debt repudiation, we show that the Brownian part explains the counter-cyclical behavior of the current account, and the Poisson part explains the risk of default—thus enabling our model to account for key stylized facts regarding sovereign risk.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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