The morphology of the Milky Way is still a matter of debate. In order to shed light on uncertainties surrounding the structure of the Galaxy, in this paper, we study the imprint of spiral arms on the ...distribution and properties of its molecular gas. To do so, we take full advantage of the SEDIGISM (Structure, Excitation, and Dynamics of the Inner Galactic Interstellar Medium) survey that observed a large area of the inner Galaxy in the
13
CO (2–1) line at an angular resolution of 28′′. We analyse the influences of the spiral arms by considering the features of the molecular gas emission as a whole across the longitude–velocity map built from the full survey. Additionally, we examine the properties of the molecular clouds in the spiral arms compared to the properties of their counterparts in the inter-arm regions. Through flux and luminosity probability distribution functions, we find that the molecular gas emission associated with the spiral arms does not differ significantly from the emission between the arms. On average, spiral arms show masses per unit length of ~10
5
–10
6
M
⊙
kpc
−1
. This is similar to values inferred from data sets in which emission distributions were segmented into molecular clouds. By examining the cloud distribution across the Galactic plane, we infer that the molecular mass in the spiral arms is a factor of 1.5 higher than that of the inter-arm medium, similar to what is found for other spiral galaxies in the local Universe. We observe that only the distributions of cloud mass surface densities and aspect ratio in the spiral arms show significant differences compared to those of the inter-arm medium; other observed differences appear instead to be driven by a distance bias. By comparing our results with simulations and observations of nearby galaxies, we conclude that the measured quantities would classify the Milky Way as a flocculent spiral galaxy, rather than as a grand-design one.
Full text
Available for:
FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
AGN feedback in the nucleus of M51 Querejeta, M; Schinnerer, E; Garcia-Burillo, S ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
09/2016, Volume:
593
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
AGN feedback is invoked as one of the most relevant mechanisms that shape the evolution of galaxies. Our goal is to understand the interplay between AGN feedback and the interstellar medium in M51, a ...nearby spiral galaxy with a modest AGN and a kpc-scale radio jet expanding through the disc of the galaxy. For this purpose, we combine molecular gas observations in the CO(1-0) and HCN(1-0) lines from the Plateau de Bure interferometer with archival radio, X-ray, and optical data. We show that there is a significant scarcity of CO emission in the ionisation cone, while molecular gas emission tends to accumulate towards the edges of the cone. The distribution and kinematics of CO and HCN line emission reveal AGN feedback effects out to r~ 500 pc, covering the whole extent of the radio jet, with complex kinematics in the molecular gas which displays strong local variations. We propose that this is the result of the almost coplanar jet pushing on molecular gas in different directions as it expands; the effects are more pronounced in HCN than in CO emission, probably as the result of radiative shocks. Following previous interpretation of the redshifted molecular line in the central 5" as caused by a molecular outflow, we estimate the outflow rates to be M sub(H2)~ 0.9 M sub(middot in circle)/ yr and M sub(dense)~ 0.6 M sub(middot in circle)/ yr, which are comparable to the molecular inflow rates (~1 M sub(middot in circle)/ yr); gas inflow and AGN feedback could be mutually regulated processes. The agreement with findings in other nearby radio galaxies suggests that this is not an isolated case, and is probably the paradigm of AGN feedback through radio jets, at least for galaxies hosting low-luminosity active nuclei.
Full text
Available for:
FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
We report the discovery of a velocity coherent, kiloparsec-scale molecular structure toward the Galactic center region with an angular extent of 30° and an aspect ratio of 60:1. The ...kinematic distance of the CO structure ranges between 4.4 and 6.5 kpc. Analysis of the velocity data and comparison with the existing spiral arm models support that a major portion of this structure is either a subbranch of the Norma arm or an interarm giant molecular filament, likely to be a kiloparsec-scale feather (or spur) of the Milky Way, similar to those observed in nearby spiral galaxies. The filamentary cloud is at least 2.0 kpc in extent, considering the uncertainties in the kinematic distances, and it could be as long as 4 kpc. The vertical distribution of this highly elongated structure reveals a pattern similar to that of a sinusoidal wave. The exact mechanisms responsible for the origin of such a kiloparsec-scale filament and its wavy morphology remains unclear. The distinct wave-like shape and its peculiar orientation makes this cloud, named as the Gangotri wave, one of the largest and most intriguing structures identified in the Milky Way.
Abstract
We present a galaxy classification system for 238 (E1–Sdm) CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) galaxies based on the shapes and amplitudes of their circular velocity curves ...(CVCs). We infer the CVCs from the de-projected surface brightness of the galaxies, after scaling by a constant mass-to-light ratio based on stellar dynamics – solving axisymmetric Jeans equations via fitting the second velocity moment
$V_{\mathrm{rms}}=\sqrt{V^2+\sigma ^2}$
of the stellar kinematics. We use principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the CVC shapes to find characteristic features and use a k-means classifier to separate circular curves into classes. This objective classification method identifies four different classes, which we name slow-rising (SR), flat (FL), round-peaked (RP) and sharp-peaked (SP) circular curves. SR are typical for low-mass, late-type (Sb–Sdm), young, faint, metal-poor and disc-dominated galaxies. SP are typical for high-mass, early-type (E1–E7), old, bright, metal-rich and bulge-dominated galaxies. FL and RP appear presented by galaxies with intermediate mass, age, luminosity, metallicity, bulge-to-disc ratio and morphologies (E4–S0a, Sa–Sbc). The discrepancy mass factor, f
d = 1 − M
*/M
dyn, have the largest value for SR and SP classes (∼ 74 per cent and ∼ 71 per cent, respectively) in contrast to the FL and RP classes (with ∼ 59 per cent and ∼ 61 per cent, respectively). Circular curve classification presents an alternative to typical morphological classification and appears more tightly linked to galaxy evolution.
Cyclosporine (CyA) is a well-known immunosuppressant with a narrow therapeutic window. Its bioavailability is affected by many other traditional drugs and herbal extracts. Cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes ...CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 and protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are involved in CyA bioavailability. Interactions of CyA with herbal extracts are not well known, but, given their increased concomitant use, it is important to know which extracts, many of which are commonly self-prescribed, can affect CyA blood concentrations. Decreased CyA blood concentration has been shown with St John’s wort in case reports and, in vivo animal studies, with ginger, liquorice, scutellariae radix, and quercetin. Increased CyA concentration has been reported in patients with grapefruit juice, chamomile, or berberine, and with cannabidiol or resveratrol in animal studies. Effects of Echinacea and Serenoa repens on CyA levels have not been shown consistently, but concomitant use should be avoided. Although findings from animal studies cannot be directly translated into humans, avoiding concomitant use of herbal extracts is prudent until human clinical studies have ruled out any possible interaction. Clinicians should interview their patients carefully about their use of herbal supplements before CyA administration, and those receiving CyA should be warned about possible interactions between herbal preparations and CyA.
Full text
Available for:
FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Polycrystalline titanium thin films have been widely employed as interlayer between the substrate and different coatings in order to improve adhesion strength, corrosion resistance and wear ...performance, as well as to promote the growth of crystalline phases of the coating. The thickness of the Ti layer can be relevant on the behavior of the coatings, however very few studies have been carried out. In this work, the crystal structure of polycrystalline titanium films deposited with a vacuum arc discharge on monocrystalline silicon wafers (100) was studied and a dependence on the film thickness was found. The presence of the fcc phase of titanium was observed for the thinnest films with a critical thickness estimated in 300nm, a much larger value than those reported for other deposition processes. For larger thicknesses, the films grew as α-titanium with a preferred orientation in the 100 direction. The obtained results agreed with a growth model based on the matching between the film and the substrate lattice. The characteristics of the films deposited in two steps, which had not been previously investigated, reinforced the suggested model.
•Structure of polycrystalline Ti films grown with vacuum arc on Si (100) was studied.•The film structure was found to depend on the film thickness.•Fcc-Ti was observed for the thinnest films (<300nm) and α-Ti for thicker films.•Critical thickness for fcc phase was larger than for other deposition processes.•The obtained results indicated that the growth was influenced by the substrate.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
It is noted that the perceptual experience of body and space can be modulated by changing the action capabilities or by manipulating the perceived body dimensions through a multisensory stimulation. ...This study adds to pre-existing literature by investigating the alterations in bodily experience following embodiment to both enlarged and shrunked bodies, while participants actively navigated in a virtual environment. A normal-sized body served as a reference condition. After each embodied navigation, participants estimated the height and width of three different body parts. Results revealed that the embodiment over shrunked body induced a significant reduction in participants’ body image, while no changes were reported after the embodiment over the enlarged body. Findings were discussed in terms of previous literature exploring the constraints implicated in the ownership over different bodies.
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The aim of basin modeling is to characterise fluids and rocks in a basin considering its history and data partly describing its present state. In usual basin simulators, only a simplified description ...of geomechanics based on the hypothesis of oedometric strain is used. To both enhance the modeling of basin history and to characterise actual in situ stresses, the effect of stress redistribution, horizontal stresses, and strain variations during basin history should be considered. To address this point, a coupled basin-geomechanics framework based on a new constitutive law is proposed in this paper using the prototype simulator
A
2
. This framework has been built to provide relevant results for various kinds of basin cases including tectonic loading. A finite strain poromechanical approach is considered along with an modified Drucker–Prager Cap model to describe rock compaction under natural sedimentation, erosion, and tectonics. The constitutive model can be seen as a tensorial extension of the compaction models of Athy or Schneider as it allows to recover the same behaviour in oedometric context. Simple test cases are modeled considering typical sand or shale properties, emphasizing the effect of tectonic loading on the present-day pore pressures and in situ stresses. It appears that even relatively moderate tectonic loading (
5
%
of horizontal strain) can lead to overpressures of several hundreds of bars and to a complete change in in situ stress regime for deeply buried layers (above a depth of 2000 m).
Full text
Available for:
EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The transport of gas towards the centre of galaxies is critical for black hole feeding and, indirectly, it can control active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. We have quantified the molecular gas ...inflow in the central R< 1kpc of M51 to be 1 M sub(middot in circle)/yr, using a new gravitational torque map and the molecular gas traced by the Plateau de Bure Interferometer Arcsecond Whirlpool Survey (PAWS). The nuclear stellar bar is responsible for this gas inflow. We also used torque profiles to estimate the location of dynamical resonances, and the results suggest a corotation for the bar CR sub(bar)~ 20'', and a corotation for the spiral CR sub(sp)~ 100''. We demonstrate how important it is to correct 3.6 mu m images for dust emission when gravitational torques are to be computed, and we examine further sources of uncertainty. Our observational measurement of gas inflow can be compared with nuclear molecular outflow rates and provide useful constraints for numerical simulations.
Full text
Available for:
FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
In literature there is a lack of specific evaluation tools for behavior in intellectual disabilities in general and during an activity, this is one of the most important field of the Occupational ...Therapy intervention.
Authors developed an Italian version of the Occupational Therapy Task Observation Scale (OTTOS) and an Italian version of the Comprehensive Occupational Therapy Evaluation Scale (COTES) and examined their reliability and validity.
The original scales were translated from English to Italian using the "Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures-Principles of Good Practice" guidelines. Both scales were administered to adults with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities. People under eighteen years, with severe and profound intellectual disabilities and deaf people were excluded from the study. Their reliability and validity have been examined. Relia-bility was analyzed via internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and stability (intra/inter-rater coefficient), while validity was investigated via construct validity (p-value) and criterion validity using Pearson's correlation coefficients between them and with the Mini Mental State Examination and the Barthel Index Scale.
The OTTOS and the COTES were administered to 30 subjects. Cronbach's α for the COTES was 0,91 and Cronbach's α for the OTTOS was 0,92. Regarding the criterion of validity, the two scales have numerous statistically positive correlations, particularly with the Mini Mental State Examination in the Orientation and total part. Furthermore, the correlation with the Barthel scale is present in the total scores, the COTES's third subscale, and the OTTOS's first.
The OTTOS and the COTES were reliable and valid outcome measures for assessing behavior in the Italian population.
PDF
