Admicelle based extractions, where sorbents used are prepared by immobilizing charged surfactants in a bilayer arrangement onto a silica or aluminum oxide surface, have been used for preconcentrating ...a wide variety of analytes. These analytes have a certain degree of hydrophobicity interacting with the alkyl chains of the surfactant or they are counter-charged interacting electrostatically with the charged polar group of the surfactant. Weakly hydrophobic molecules are more challenging to efficiently extract onto this type of medium. Presented is an admicelle extraction procedure for extracting weak acid phenols. An acid-base reaction takes place between modified surfactants containing hydroxide counter ions and weak acid phenols. The result of this reaction is the production of phenolate ions that remain counter to the cationic surfactant. The acid-base reaction together with the fluid nature of the surfactant phase protects the phenolate ions from being removed by counter ions in natural solutions. High extraction efficiencies result.
The contribution of shellfish to ancient subsistence has been overlooked in many archaeological studies in Central-East Polynesia. Archaeomalacology, however, can shed light on a wider range of ...exploited mollusks. In this paper we investigate the exploitation of the chiton Acanthopleura gemmata from the Hane Dune site, Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands. Although several previous studies have highlighted the importance of chitons in Hane's archaeological record, little information has been presented about this important subsistence item as it is seldom identified with precision and is usually quantified by weight. Using zooarchaeological methods, spatial analysis, and biometry, we demonstrate the importance of chitons in past 'Enata subsistence. We highlight the intensive exploitation of A. gemmata during the first three centuries of occupation of the site, beginning ca. AD 950, until its abrupt depletion, correlated with the progressive exploitation of the limpet Cellana radiata. Through this case study, we stress the importance of precise taxonomic identification and refined recovery protocols to better understand subsistence trends.
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MadAnalysis 5 is a new Python/C+ + package facilitating phenomenological analyses that can be performed in the framework of Monte Carlo simulations of collisions to be produced in high-energy physics ...experiments. It allows one, by means of a user-friendly interpreter, to perform professional physics analyses in a very simple way. Starting from event samples as generated by any Monte Carlo event generator, large classes of selections can be implemented through intuitive commands, many standard kinematical distributions can be automatically represented by histograms and all results are eventually gathered into detailed Html and latex reports. In this work, we briefly report on the latest developments of the code, focusing on the interface to the FastJet program dedicated to jet reconstruction.
We report a promising simple strategy for improving the performance of the photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. ZnO nanorods on an indium tin oxide glass substrate were ...synthesized by a hydrothermal method following calcinations in air at 500 °C for 2 h and pure ambient hydrogen at atmospheric pressure at 400 °C for 30 min. The hydrogenated ZnO (H:ZnO) sample shows an enhanced photocurrent in comparison to that of ZnO nanorods. To enhance the absorption in the visible light and near-infrared regions, H:ZnO nanorods were sensitized by cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles and carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The H:ZnO nanorod film sensitized in this way exhibited significantly improved PEC properties after treatment with ambient nitrogen at 400 °C for 30 min. The optimized H:ZnO nanorod sample sensitized by CdS and CQDs yields a photocurrent density of ∼12.82 mA/cm2 at 0 V (vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) in 0.25 M Na2S and 0.35 M Na2SO3 solution under the illumination of simulated solar light (100 mW/cm2 from a 150 W xenon Arc lamp source). The optimal structure shows a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of ∼3.85% (at −0.67 V vs SCE). The H2 gas generation obtained using this optimal structure consisting of H:ZnO nanorods sensitized by CdS and CQDs was 7.04 mL/cm2 in 1 h. The morphology and properties of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption, and electrical measurements.
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A
bstract
We study a class of realizations of the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model that is motivated by dark matter and Higgs data, and in which the lightest pseudoscalar Higgs boson ...mass is smaller than twice the bottom quark mass and greater than twice the tau lepton mass. In such scenarios, the lightest pseudoscalar Higgs boson can be copiously produced at the LHC from the decay of heavier superpartners and will dominantly further decay into a pair of tau leptons that is generally boosted. We make use of a boosted object tagging technique designed to tag such a ditau jet, and estimate the sensitivity of the LHC to the considered supersymmetric scenarios with 20 to 50 fb
−1
of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV.
In French Polynesia, many pathologies common or endemic to the territory cause diarrhea. This is the case for rotavirus gastroenteritis, salmonella food poisoning, ingestion of water contaminated by ...bacteria, and ciguatera. To treat these ailments, the population may employ traditional medicine for cultural reasons, geographical isolation, and poor health coverage. Polynesian remedies are often used without medical consultation and there is no data on their benefit-risk balance. A few ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in order to identify the traditional remedies used for various ailments, but few studies have focused on gastrointestinal pathologies. In this context, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out to identify treatments used for diarrhea and ciguatera, inventory the plants used, better understand the local representation of these remedies, and provide efficacy and safety data on these uses.
From February to April 2021, a semi-structured survey was conducted on six islands in French Polynesia, including one island in the Windward Islands archipelago (Tahiti), three islands in the Marquesas archipelago (Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata), and two islands in the Leeward Islands archipelago (Raiatea, Tahaa). A total of 133 people was interviewed including 34 specialists (of which 29 experts in herbalism).
These people mentioned the use of 27 plants for the treatment of diarrhea, and 24 for the treatment of ciguatera. Citrus aurantiifolia, Psidium guajava and Cordyline fruticosa were the three most cited plant species used for treating diarrhea, while Cocos nucifera, Punica granatum and Barringtonia asiatica were the most cited for ciguatera. A large majority of plants are widespread and introduced plants, which is congruent with the history of Polynesian people. While some plants are well known for similar uses (e.g. Psidium guajava for diarrhea, Heliotropium arboreum for ciguatera), others are less well known and may present toxicity risks (e.g. Barringtonia asiatica for ciguatera).
Traditional Polynesian medicine is an integral part of the local culture so important to be preserved and valued. However, more pharmacological and toxicological studies are still needed to determine the benefit-risk balance of some of these remedies and to allow their official integration into the Polynesian health system.
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The question of demographic decline in the Marquesas Islands is here reinvestigated through an integrated approach to the particular case of Ua Huka. We first attempt to propose a new population ...estimate for the period prior to European contact, thanks to an archaeologically based method that relies on the length of sleeping areas available in the housing structures recorded in the valleys. From this estimate, we then use ethnohistorical accounts to reassess local demographic evolution throughout the 19th century. This leads us to partly nuance the impact of Westerners, especially the introduction of diseases, which on Ua Huka appears to have been less critical than other factors such as sociopolitical conditions, including intense warfare, linked to unfavourable environmental conditions.
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Liver abscess causes substantial economic loss to the beef cattle industry through liver condemnation, reduced animal performance, and carcass yield. Continuous in-feed use of tylosin is the most ...effective and a commonly used practice in beef cattle production to prevent liver abscess. However, such mass medication can increase the level of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. We investigated the effect of continuous in-feed use of tylosin in feedlot cattle on (i) concentrations and prevalence of erythromycin-resistant (ERYr) and tetracycline-resistant (TETr) enterococci; (ii) associated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) for resistance; (iii) species distribution; iv) macrolide and tetracycline resistance gene concentrations; and (v) tylosin concentration. A cohort of weaned calves were randomized to receive tylosin-medicated feed (Tylosin; n = 10) or nonmedicated feed (Control; n = 10) for a full feedlot cycle. Feces, feed and pen-surface samples were collected and processed by culture, droplet digital PCR, and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy for bacterial enumeration, detection and characterization, ARG quantification, and tylosin concentration, respectively. Data were analyzed by mixed effects linear- or binary-regression models depending on the outcomes. Tylosin administration significantly increased fecal concentration (P < 0.001) and prevalence (P = 0.021) of ERYr enterococci and erm(B) gene concentration (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. Interestingly, tylosin administration significantly reduced (P = 0.037) fecal TETr enterococci concentration compared to the control group, with no significant effect (P = 0.758) on fecal tet(M) concentration. In both treatment groups, enterococci concentrations increased over time, peaking on 174 days in feed before returning to the baseline. ERYr enterococci concentration was significantly (P = 0.012) higher in tylosin medicated feeds, with no significant effect (P = 0.321) on TETr enterococci concentration. Pen-surface concentration of ermB was significantly (P = 0.024) higher in the tylosin group, with no significant effect (P > 0.05) on bacterial concentrations. Increased diversity and a shift in the composition of enterococcal species and ARGs were observed over time, although tylosin use did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) their prevalence. Tylosin concentration was significantly higher in the feces of tylosin administered cattle (P < 0.001) and medicated feed (P = 0.027), with numerically higher pen-surface concentration (P = 0.065) in the tylosin group. In conclusion, continuous in-feed use of tylosin in feedlot cattle increases macrolide resistant enterococci and its fecal excretion, while decreasing tetracycline resistance. Two medically important species, E. faecium and E. faecalis, were predominant regardless of resistance status or sample source. Risk-based approaches including label changes to limit tylosin use such as withdrawal period, and development of effective manure treatments are potential areas of research to reduce environmental and public health impacts.
•Evaluated tylosin use in beef cattle feed on antimicrobial resistant enterococci.•In-feed tylosin use increased macrolide resistant enterococci concentration.•Tylosin use significantly reduced tetracycline resistant enterococci population.•In-feed tylosin use significantly increased fecal tylosin concentration.•Alternative approaches to current tylosin label use are active areas of research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Background
Populations of French Polynesia (FP), where France performed atmospheric tests between 1966 and 1974, experience a high incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, ...up to now, no sufficiently large study of DTC genetic factors in this population has been performed to reach definitive conclusion. This research aimed to analyze the genetic factors of DTC risk among the native FP populations.
Methods
We analyzed more than 300 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 283 DTC cases and 418 matched controls born in FP, most being younger than 15 years old at the time of the first nuclear tests. We analyzed the genetic profile of our cohort to identify population subgroups. We then completed a genome-wide analysis study on the whole population.
Results
We identified a specific genetic structure in the FP population reflecting admixture from Asian and European populations. We identified three regions associated with increased DTC risk at 6q24.3, 10p12.2, and 17q21.32. The lead SNPs at these loci showed respective p-values of 1.66 × 10−7, 2.39 × 10−7, and 7.19 × 10−7 and corresponding odds ratios of 2.02, 1.89, and 2.37.
Conclusion
Our study results suggest a role of the loci 6q24.3, 10p12.2 and 17q21.32 in DTC risk. However, a whole genome sequencing approach would be better suited to characterize these factors than genotyping with microarray chip designed for the Caucasian population. Moreover, the functional impact of these three new loci needs to be further explored and validated.
The bis(imino)pyridine iron complex, for the first time, is developed as an effective metal carbene catalyst for carbene transfer reactions of donor–acceptor diazo compounds.
The bis(imino)pyridine ...iron complex, for the first time, is developed as an effective metal carbene catalyst for carbene transfer reactions of donor–acceptor diazo compounds. Its broad catalytic capability is demonstrated by a range of metal carbene reactions, from cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, epoxidation, and Doyle–Kirmse reaction to O–H insertion, N–H insertion, and C–H insertion reactions. The asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene and methyl phenyldiazoacetate was successfully achieved by the new chiral bis(imino)pyridine iron catalyst, which delivers a new gateway for the development of chiral iron catalysis for metal carbene reactions.
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