The WHO has developed new growth curves based on breast-fed infants. Recommendations for energy intake have been adopted based on measurements of total energy expenditure. Data on human milk (HM) ...intake are needed to estimate the energy intake from this food source. However, objective HM data from around the world have not been available, because these measurements are difficult to obtain. Stable isotope methods have been developed to provide objective measurements over a 14-d period. A pooled analysis of 1115 data points of HM intake, obtained using the dose to the mother deuterium oxide turnover method, was undertaken in infants aged 0-24 mo from 12 countries across 5 continents. A hierarchical model was needed to estimate mean HM intake and its variance within and between countries given the complexity of the data. The overall mean HM intake was 0.78 (95% CI = 0.72, 0.84) kg/d, and the age-specific estimates indicated that intake increased over the first 3-4 mo and remained above 0.80 kg/d until 6-7 mo. The variability of intake increased in late infancy. Boys consumed 0.05 kg/d more than girls (P < 0.01). HM intake was strongly, inversely associated with non-HM water intake r = -0.448 (95% CI -0.511 to -0.385); P < 0.0001. These objective isotope values of HM intake improve our understanding of the magnitude and variability of HM intake within and across populations and help to estimate nutrient intakes in breast-fed infants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper examines the extent to which innovative Spanish firms pursue improvements in energy efficiency (EE) as an objective of innovation. The increase in energy consumption and its impact on ...greenhouse gas emissions justifies the greater attention being paid to energy efficiency and especially to industrial EE. The ability of manufacturing companies to innovate and improve their EE has a substantial influence on attaining objectives regarding climate change mitigation. Despite the effort to design more efficient energy policies, the EE determinants in manufacturing firms have been little studied in the empirical literature. From an exhaustive sample of Spanish manufacturing firms and using a logit model, we examine the energy efficiency determinants for those firms that have innovated. To carry out the econometric analysis, we use panel data from the Community Innovation Survey for the period 2008–2011. Our empirical results underline the role of size among the characteristics of firms that facilitate energy efficiency innovation. Regarding company behaviour, firms that consider the reduction of environmental impacts to be an important objective of innovation and that have introduced organisational innovations are more likely to innovate with the objective of increasing energy efficiency.
•Drivers of innovation in energy efficiency at firm-level are examined.•Tangible investments have a greater influence on energy efficiency than R&D.•Environmental and energy efficiency innovation objectives are complementary.•Organisational innovation favors energy efficiency innovation.•Public policies should be implemented to improve firms’ energy efficiency.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) are public health concerns in Mexico of top-level priority due to their high prevalence and their growth rate in recent decades. The accumulation of adipose tissue ...leads to an unbalanced release of pro-oxidant factors, which causes cellular damage and favors the development of comorbidities. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress also promotes the accumulation of adipose tissue and the development of insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between usual intake of antioxidant nutrients, specifically vitamins A, C, E and magnesium with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and serum glucose concentrations in a representative sample of Mexican adults.
We analyzed data on diet, BMI, WC and serum glucose from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. Analysis included 20- to 65-year-old adults without a known diagnosis of DM (n = 1573). Dietary information was obtained using the five-step multiple-pass method developed by the United States Department of Agriculture and adapted to the Mexican context. Nutrient usual intake distributions were estimated using the Iowa State University method, through the "Software for Intake Distribution Estimation" (PC-Side) v.1.02. Associations were analyzed using multivariate regression models.
Higher dietary magnesium intake was associated with lower markers of adiposity, so that an increase in 10 mg per 1000 kcal/day of magnesium was associated with an average decrease in BMI of 0.72% (95% CI: -1.36, - 0.08) and 0.49 cm (95% CI: -0.92, - 0.07) of WC. Additionally, in women with normal glucose concentrations, an increase in magnesium intake was associated with an average decrease in serum glucose by 0.59% (95% CI: -1.08, - 0.09).
The results suggest that magnesium intake is associated with lower BMI, WC and serum glucose in Mexican population. However, more studies are required to elucidate the nature of this association.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Diet quality indexes are used to characterize the dietary patterns of individuals and populations. The objective of this study was to compare two specific diet quality indexes, namely the Brazilian ...Healthy Eating Index Revised (BHEI-R) and the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS), among Brazilian parathletes. This comparison was performed using either the initial 24 h recall (Rec1) or an assessment of usual dietary intake. Additionally, our study aimed to explore the association of these indexes with sociodemographic and behavioral sport variables. This cross-sectional, observational study evaluated 101 disabled athletes, including 23 international-level and 78 regional-/national-level participants, with a distribution of 82 males and 19 females across 13 Paralympic modalities. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was employed, utilizing data from two or four non-consecutive 24 h food recalls. The comparison between the Rec1 and the assessment of usual dietary intake revealed the following median (IQR) values: for the BHEI-R, they were 60.3 ± 11.1 and 80.7 ± 6.2, respectively; for the GDQS, they were 19.5 ± 6.5 and 18.3 ± 2.6, respectively. Most athletes had diets classified as either "in need of modification" (according to BHEI-R) or of "moderate risk" (according to GDQS). The comparison between type of sport (team/individual), age, sex, income, education, sport scholarship, and nutritional support between the diet quality indexes is presented. Athletes involved in individual sports exhibited higher scores than team sports for BHEI-R (
< 0.02), and athletes receiving nutritional support achieved higher scores on both indexes (
< 0.03). The analysis of diet quality using the initial Rec1 with the BHEI-R was deemed sufficient to evaluate the diet quality of these athletes. However, when evaluating sporadically consumed food groups, the adoption of GDQS is necessary to assess usual dietary intake. We found that both BHEI-R and GDQS can be utilized to evaluate the diet quality of athletes with disabilities, and the diet quality of parathletes reached an intermediate score level.
Objective
To determine whether there is an association between the inflammatory potential of the diet, measured by the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), and the composition of intestinal microbiota ...in adults with functional constipation (FC).
Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out with 68 adults with FC. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was calculated from data obtained from food surveys, serum inflammation markers were measured and the composition of the intestinal microbiota was evaluated using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Participants were assigned into two groups: anti-inflammatory diet (AD: E-DII < 0) and pro-inflammatory diet (PD: E-DII ≥ 0). Associations of E-DII scores with microbial diversity and composition were examined using differences between the E-DII groups and linear and hierarchical regression.
Results
E- DII was inversely correlated with relative abundance of
Hungatella
spp
.
and
Bacteroides fragilis
and positively correlated with
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
and
Bacteroides caccae
(
p
< 0.05).
B. fragilis
was positively correlated with IL-10. The AD group had higher relative abundances for the genus
Blautia
and Hun
gatella,
lower abundances of
Bacteroides thetaiotamicron
and
Bacteroides
spp. (
p
< 0.05), as well as higher frequency of evacuation (
p
= 0.02) and lower use of laxatives (
p
= 0.05). The AD group showed a reduction in the abundance of
Desulfovibrio
spp. and
Butyrivibrio
,
Butyrivibrio crossotus
,
Bacteroides clarus
,
Bacteroides coprophilus
and
Bacteroides intestinalis
(all
p
< 0.05). The greater abundance of
Bacteroides clarus
increased the individual's chance of performing a manual evacuation maneuver.
Conclusion
Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated that the inflammatory potential of the diet is associated with the gut microbiota in individuals with FC.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FSPLJ, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
The economic impact of electricity losses Costa-Campi, Maria Teresa; Daví-Arderius, Daniel; Trujillo-Baute, Elisa
Energy economics,
09/2018, Volume:
75
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Although electricity losses constitute an important, but inevitable, amount of wasted resources (and a portion that has to be funded), they remain one of the lesser known components of an electricity ...system, and this despite the fact that the decisions of generators, transmission and distribution system operators and consumers all impact on them. In this paper we analyse the effects of such losses from two perspectives: from that of consumption and from that of generation.
Given that end-user consumption varies across the day, consumption has direct implications for electricity losses. Indeed, demand-side management policies seek to encourage consumers to use less energy during peak hours and to reduce network congestion. At the same time, from the perspective of generation, the recent growth in distributed generation has modified the traditional, unidirectional, downward flows in electricity systems. This affects losses as energy is produced in the lower voltage network, which is closer to points of consumption.
In this paper we evaluate the impact of consumption patterns and different generation technologies on the energy losses and the cost of losses. To do so, we draw on data from a real electricity system with a high level of renewable penetration, namely, that of Spain between 2011 and 2013. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to analyse the real impact of consumption and the effect of each generation technology on energy losses, offering an opportunity to evaluate the potential benefits of demand-side management policies and distributed generation. Losses are divided between transmission and distribution levels, which is also a novelty that allows us to better define our regulatory recommendations aimed at exploiting to the full these potential benefits. Our results should serve as a baseline for countries at the early stages of implementing these policies.
•Losses are wasted resources but is among the lesser known parts of power systems.•The economic effects of losses from demand and supply side are evaluated.•We use data from a real electricity system with a high level of renewable penetration.•Results are of help to better evaluate the potential benefits of DSM and DG.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Assessing the usual food intake of para‐athletes enables knowledge and description of nutrient intakes, providing insight into the potential nutritional status of para‐athletes and may help tailor ...dietary intake to their specific training needs. This study aimed to evaluate the usual intake of macronutrients and food groups and meal food patterns of athletes with a disability. We also compared dietary intake data between team and individual sport para‐athletes. One hundred and one athletes with a disability from 13 Paralympic disciplines living in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil were included. Food intake was estimated from two or four non‐consecutive 24‐h food recalls in which para‐athletes reported all food, beverages, and supplements consumed in the previous 24‐h. Dietary intake analysis was performed by implementing the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to calculate the macronutrient and food group usual intake. Macronutrient intakes were compared to Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges for the general population and food group intakes were compared to the 2008 Brazilian National Dietary Guidelines. Para‐athletes consumed a low‐carbohydrate, adequate protein, high‐fat diet. There was no significant difference in macronutrient intake distribution between team sport and individual sport para‐athletes. Most para‐athletes had three main meals during the day. The prevalence of inadequate fruit servings in the middle and highest energy intake tertiles was significantly higher in team sport para‐athletes (92.5% and 98.4%) than in individual sport para‐athletes (90.8% and 65.5%), respectively. The prevalence of inadequate vegetable servings was significantly higher between team and individual para‐athletes for the middle energy intake tertiles. Para‐athletes generally consumed an imbalanced diet, which is a cause for concern given their additional physiological demands and specific training needs.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
A simple and fast quantitative and confirmatory multi-residue method was developed and validated for the determination of 14 coccidiostats residues in poultry muscle and eggs using liquid ...chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). The compounds were analyzed in a single run including lasalocid A, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, semduramicin, robenidine, diclazuril, toltrazuril, trimethoprim, clopidol, amprolium, diaveridine and nicarbazin (as the marker residue dinitrocarbanilide). A low-cost extraction and clean up procedure was optimized without the need of solid-phase extraction. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile followed by low-temperature clean up. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column, using water and acetonitrile, both containing 5mmolL−1 of formic acid and 1mmolL−1 ammonium acetate, as mobile phase. Coccidiostats were ionized in negative and positive mode and monitored simultaneously. The method was fully validated according with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and was applied for >100 samples from the Brazilian National Residue Control Plan (NRCP). Parameters as precision, reproducibility, trueness, CCα and CCβ were determined. Trueness values were within the range 73–115%. Precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) ranged from 0.4% to 21% and intralaboratory reproducibility ranged from 6.3% to 27%, depending on matrix.
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•This paper describes a method for determine fourteen coccidiostats in poultry meat and eggs.•A simple and fast sample preparation method was developed and optimized.•LC–MS/MS was used to carry out quantitative analysis.•The proposed method is simple, easy, and adequate for routine analysis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Coffee effects on glucose homeostasis in obesity remain controversial. We investigated whether coffee mitigates the negative effects on glucose metabolism induced by a high-fat diet and the ...interrelationships with redox-inflammatory responses. Rats were treated with: control (CT-); coffee (CT+) 3.9 g of freeze-dried coffee/kg of diet; high-fat (HF-); or high-fat + coffee 3.9 g of freeze-dried coffee/kg of diet (HF+) diet. The high-fat diet increased weight gain, feed efficiency, HOMA β, muscle and hepatic glycogen, intestinal CAT and SOD activity, hepatic protein (CARB) and lipid oxidation (MDA), muscle Prkaa1 mRNA and IL6 levels, and decreased food intake, hepatic GR, GPX and SOD activities, intestinal CARB, intestinal Slc2a2 and Slc5a1 and hepatic Prkaa1 and Prkaa2 mRNA levels, hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and muscle hexokinase (HK) activities, compared to the control diet. The high-fat diet with coffee increased hepatic GST activity and TNF and decreased IL6 and intestinal glucosidase activity compared with the high-fat diet. The coffee diet increased muscle glycogen, hepatic CARB and PEPCK activity, and decreased hepatic GR and SOD activities and intestinal CARB, compared with the control diet. Coffee increased insulin levels, HOMA IR/β, FRAP, muscle Prkaa1 mRNA levels and hepatic and muscle phosphofructokinase-1, and it decreased intestinal CAT, hepatic Slc2a2 mRNA levels and muscle HK activity, regardless of the diet type. In conclusion, chronic coffee consumption improves antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, but does not ameliorate glucose homeostasis in a high-fat diet-induced obesity model. In addition, coffee consumption increases insulin secretion and promotes muscle glycogen synthesis in rats maintained on a control diet.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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