Dysphagia is a common yet serious complication in stroke patients. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the risk factors of dysphagia in patients with ischemic ...stroke, to provide insights to the clinical treatment and nursing care of dysphagia.
We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Database, China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) for studies on dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke up to January 31, 2022. The quality of the literature was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.
A total of 10 studies involving 4637 ischemic stroke patients were included, 1183(25.51%) patients had dysphagia after stroke. The synthesized outcomes showed that elder age (SMD = 0.42, 95%CI:0.34-0.50), hypertension (OR = 1.96, 95%CI:1.48-2.61), diabetes (OR = 1.83, 95%CI:1.47-2.28), brainstem stroke (OR = 2.12, 95%CI:1.45-3.09) were associated with dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the gender between dysphagia and no dysphagia patients (OR = 1.07, 95%CI:0.91-1.27, P = 0.40). Egger regression tests indicated there were no significant publication biases in the synthesized outcomes (all P>0.05).
Elder age, hypertension, diabetes and brainstem stroke are associated with the development of dysphagia in patients with ischemic stroke. Attention should be paid to the assessment and early intervention of those risk factors for dysphagia to improve the prognosis of stroke patients.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mushrooms in the basidiomycete family Amanitaceae are very important both economically and ecologically. However, the delimitation of the family is still controversial, in part due to limited taxon ...sampling and in part because of insufficient gene fragment employed for molecular phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, species diversity in the family is likely to have been largely underestimated, due to morphological similarity between taxa and phenotypic plasticity. In this study, we examined 1190 collections, including 1008 Chinese and 182 external ones, and performed the first comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Amanitaceae using multi-locus sequence data. To test the monophyly of the Amanitaceae, a concatenated (nrLSU,
rpb
1, and
rpb
2) dataset of 200 taxa of the order Agaricales was analyzed. To infer the phylogeny of Amanitaceae, a concatenated nrLSU,
tef1
-
α
,
rpb
2 and
β
-
tubulin
dataset (3010 sequences from ca. 890 samples with 2309 newly generated sequences) was used. In this dataset, 252 sequences from the types of 77 species were provided. Our results indicate that Amanitaceae is a monophyletic group, and consists of five genera, namely
Amanita
,
Catatrama
,
Limacella
,
Limacellopsis
and
Myxoderma
. It is clear that
Catatrama
is closely related to
Limacella
, however, the phylogenetic relationships among these genera remain largely unresolved.
Amanita
contains 95% of the species in the family, and is here divided into three subgenera and eleven sections (subgen.
Amanita
, containing: sect.
Amanita
, sect.
Amarrendiae
, sect.
Caesareae
and sect.
Vaginatae
; subgen.
Amanitina
, containing: sect.
Amidella
, sect.
Arenariae
, sect.
Phalloideae
, sect.
Roanokenses
, sect.
Strobiliformes
and sect.
Validae
; and subgen.
Lepidella
, containing sect.
Lepidella
). Subgen.
Lepidella
occupies the basal position in the genus. One-hundred and sixty-two species of Amanitaceae known from China are treated in this study, including 50 novel species and 112 known taxa.
Amanita gleocystidiosa
,
A. pyriformis
,
A. atrofusca
,
A. subjunquillea
var.
alba
and
A. areolata
are treated as synonyms of
A. sychnopyramis
f.
subannulata
,
A. orientigemmata
,
A. umbrinolutea
,
A. subjunquillea
and
A. zangii
, respectively. 26 extralimital taxa including a novel species, namely
Catatrama indica
, were included in our study to allow us to make comparisons between these and the Chinese taxa. DNA sequence data for all the species of Amanitaceae in China and keys for identification of the species are provided.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The recently synthesized triangulenes with non-bonding edge states could have broad potential applications in magnetics, spintronics and electro-optics if they have appropriate electronic structure ...modulation. In the present work, strategies based on molecular orbital theory through heteroatom doping are proposed to redistribute, reduce or eliminate the spin of triangulenes for novel functional materials design, and the role of B, N, NBN, and BNB in such intended electronic structure manipulation is scrutinized. π-Extended triangulenes with tunable electronic properties could be potential nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with appropriate inhibition of their polyradical nature. The elimination of spin is achieved by B, N, NBN, and BNB doping with the intended geometric arrangement for enhanced polarity. Intended doping of BNB results in an optimal structure with large static first hyperpolarizability (〈
β
0
〉) as well as strong Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS)
β
HRS
(−2
ω
;
ω
,
ω
) (
ω
= 1064.0 nm),
TG7-BNB-ba
with a large 〈
β
0
〉 (18.85 × 10
−30
esu per heavy atom) and
β
HRS
(1.15 × 10
−28
esu per heavy atom) much larger than that of a synthesized triangular molecule (1.12 × 10
−30
esu of 〈
β
0
〉 per heavy atom and 5.04 × 10
−30
esu of
β
HRS
per heavy atom). The strong second order NLO responses in the near-infrared and visible regions, particularly the strong sum frequency generation, make these B or (and) N doped triangulenes promising candidates for the fabrication of novel carbon-based optoelectronic devices and micro-NLO devices.
Intended introduction of B, N, NBN and BNB into the specific positions in triangulenes through spin engineering provides an effective means for electronic structure manipulation and functional materials design.
Nanographenes (NGs) have drawn extensive attention as promising candidates for next‐generation optoelectronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, owing to its unique optoelectronic properties and ...high thermal stability. However, the weak polarity or even non‐polarity of NGs (resulting in weak even order NLO properties) and the high chemical reactivity of zigzag edged NGs hinder their further applications in nonlinear optics, thus stabilization (lowering the chemical reactivity) and polarizing the charge distribution in NGs are necessary for such applications of NGs. The fusion of heptagon and pentagon endows the azulene with the character of donor‐acceptor, and the B=N unit is isoelectronic to C=C unit. The introduction of polar azulene and BN are idea to polarize and stabilize the electronic structure of NGs for NLO applications. In the present review, a survey on the functionalization and applications of NGs in nonlinear optics is conducted. The engineering of the electronic structure of NGs by topological defects, doping and edge modulation is summarized. Finally, a summary of challenges and perspectives for carbon‐based NLO nanomaterials is presented.
Functionalization of nanographenes by three main strategies including topologic defects, heteroatoms doping and other means is summarized in the present review to provide valuable information for the design and exploration of nanographenes based advanced optoelectronic nanomaterials for major applications in second order nonlinear optics.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Azulene, a simple polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with connected electron donor and acceptor (DA), ignites the hope of designing second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) molecular materials from ...pure nonpolar carbon nanomaterials. In this work, a butterfly‐shaped nanographene (π−DA−π) was designed by incorporating azulene between two coronenes. One more electron in a N atom or one electron fewer in a B atom with respect to a C atom can polarize charge distribution in carbon nanomaterials, and further doping of B and N in the designed butterfly‐shaped nanographene changes the system from π−DA−π to D−π−A, leading to strong NLO responses. For example, the largest static first hyperpolarizability even reaches 173.89×10−30 esu per heavy atom. The synergetic role of B, N and azulene in the nanographene is scrutinized, and such a doping strategy is found to provide an effective means for the design of carbon‐based functional materials. The strong second‐order NLO responses of these butterfly‐shaped carbon‐based nanographenes under external fields, for example, sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation, could inspire future experimental exploration.
The synergy between electron‐deficient B, electron‐rich N, and polar azulene with a proper arrangement endows these butterfly‐shaped nanographenes with strong second‐order NLO responses.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The high stability, feasible modification, and good π-conjugation of porphyrin derivatives render these porphyrin-based nanomaterials suitable as potential third order nonlinear optical (NLO) ...materials. Introducing an azulene in pristine porphyrins can significantly improve the second order NLO properties of the system, and this is studied in the present work using density functional theory based methods and the sum-over-states model. The relative orientation of azulene plays a determinant role in the enhancement of the static first hyperpolarizability (〈
β
0
〉),
e.g.
, the 〈
β
0
〉 per heavy atom increases from 0.31 × 10
−30
esu to 9.78 × 10
−30
esu. Further addition of metals (Mg and Zn) in these azulene-fused porphyrin systems leads to an even larger 〈
β
0
〉 per heavy atom of 41.59 × 10
−30
esu, much larger than that of a recently reported porphyrin derivative (26.47 × 10
−30
esu). A novel strategy to stabilize the electronic structures as well as maintain good second order NLO responses by introducing appropriate metals into the azulene-fused porphyrins is extendable to other similar systems. Strong sum frequency generation and different frequency generations of those azulene-fused porphyrins in visible and near-infrared regions may inspire experimental exploration and related applications of azulene-based porphyrins particularly in biological nonlinear optics.
Introduction of polar azulenes and further coordination of Zn at the center of porphyrin derivatives significantly enhance the second order NLO properties of porphyrin-based materials.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have ...demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.
Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials play an increasingly important role in optoelectronic devices, biomedicine, micro-nano processing, and other fields. The development of organic materials with strong ...second or (and) third NLO properties and a high stability is still challenging due to the unknown strategies for obtaining enhanced high order NLO properties. In the present work, π-conjugated systems are constructed by doping boron or (and) nitrogen atoms in the azulene moiety of azulene-based nanographenes (formed with an azulene chain with two bridging HCCHs at the two sides of the connecting CC bonds between azulenes, A1A2A3), and the NLO properties are predicted with time-dependent density functional theory based methods and a sum-over-states model. The doping of heteroatoms induces charge redistribution, tunes the frontier molecular orbital energy gap, changes the composition of some frontier molecular orbitals, and affects the NLO properties of those nanographenes. Among the designed nanographenes, the azulene-based nanographene with two nitrogen atoms at the two ends has the largest static first hyperpolarizability (91.30 × 10
−30
esu per heavy atom), and the further introduction of two N atoms at the two ends of the central azulene moiety of this nanographene results in a large static second hyperpolarizability while keeping the large static first hyperpolarizability.
Functionalization of graphene-based nanomaterials by proper N-doping provides a new strategy for electronic structure modulation to enhance the second- or third-order nonlinear optical properties of materials.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
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