Using traditional meta-analytic techniques, we compile relevant research to enhance conceptual appreciation of ethical climate theory (ECT) as it has been studied in the descriptive and applied ...ethics literature. We explore the various treatments of ethical climate to understand how the theoretical framework has developed. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive picture of how the theory has been extended by describing the individual-level work climate outcomes commonly studied in this theoretical context. Meta-analysis allows us to resolve inconsistencies in previous findings as well as confirm the central tenets of the overall ethical climate framework. In addition, we consider the ethical climate relationships in the larger context of the theoretical framework, using path analysis to test the structural relationships. Overall, our results provide evidence of the relationships between ethical climate perceptions and individual-level work outcomes. Based on our analyses, we offer future research directions important for further development of ECT.
Ethical climate theory was first proposed by Victor and Cullen (1987, 1988). Ever since, it has been useful in increasing our knowledge on a variety of organizational outcomes such as workplace ...bullying, organizational commitment, ethical behavior, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. In this paper, we scrutinize the extant research on ethical climates to provide an understanding of what has been observed thus far, and what else ethical climate theory could be harnessed to examine. We also provide a critique of the ethical climate theory literature base and suggest a future research agenda for ethical climate theory.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Local firms in their home countries often engage in behavior that constitutes corruption, at least through some cultural lenses. One such practice is bribery of public officials. This study uses ...multilevel theory to address the question of why bribery activity of this type differs among countries. We analyze responses from nearly 4,000 firms worldwide using hierarchical linear modeling to investigate cross-level predictions about bribery. Drawing from anomie theory, we find support for country-level cultural and institutional drivers of firm-level bribery. We extend anomie theory by showing how firm-level pressures can encourage the supplying of bribes as a firm strategy.
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BFBNIB, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Carrier interactions in 2D nanostructures are of central importance not only in condensed‐matter physics but also for a wide range of optoelectronic and photonic applications. Here, new insights into ...the behavior of photoinduced carriers in layered platinum diselenide (PtSe2) through ultrafast time‐resolved pump–probe and nonlinear optical measurements are presented. The measurements reveal the temporal evolution of carrier relaxation, chemical potential and bandgap renormalization in PtSe2. These results imply that few‐layer PtSe2 has a semiconductor‐like carrier relaxation instead of a metal‐like one. The relaxation follows a triple‐exponential decay process and exhibits thickness‐dependent relaxation times. This occurs along with a band‐filling effect, which can be controlled based on the number of layers and may be applied in saturable absorption for generating ultrafast laser pulses. The findings may provide means to study many‐body physics in 2D materials as well as potentially leading to applications in the field of optoelectronics and ultrafast photonics.
Transition of transient carrier dynamics from semimetal to semiconductor is observed in 2D platinum diselenide (PtSe2) films by ultrafast spectroscopy. Thickness‐dependent bandgap renormalization, transient absorption as well as carrier‐relaxation lifetimes are determined. An ultrafast (a few picoseconds) and strong (larger than MoSe2 and WS2) saturable absorption response makes PtSe2 a promising material for mid‐infrared optical devices.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Although it seems that ethics and religion should be related, past research suggests mixed conclusions on the relationship. We argue that such mixed results are mostly due to methodological and ...conceptual limitations. We develop hypotheses linking Cornwall et al.'s (1986, Review of Religious Research, 27(3): 266-244) religious components to individuals' willingness to justify ethically suspect behaviors. Using data on 63,087 individuals from 44 countries, we find support for three hypotheses: the cognitive, one affective, and the behavioral component of religion are negatively related to ethics. Surprisingly, one aspect of the cognitive component (i.e., belief in religion) shows no relationship. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Businesses and the social sciences are increasingly facing calls to further scholarship dedicated to understand sustainability. Furthermore, multinationals are also facing similar calls given their ...high profile and their role in environmental degradation. However, a literature review shows that there is very limited understanding of sustainability at a cross-national level. Given the above gaps, we contribute to the literature by examining how selected GLOBE House et al., Culture, leadership and organizations: The GOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 2004 cultural dimensions are related to individuals' propensity to support sustainability initiatives in 33 countries. We use data from the World Values Survey World Values Study Group, World Values Surveys and European Value Surveys, 1999–2001. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, 2004 and test our hypotheses using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). Results support all but one hypothesis. Specifically, uncertainty avoidance is not related to propensity to support sustainability initiatives. In contrast, performance orientation and assertiveness have the desired negative relationship with our dependent variable while collectivism, future orientation, and human orientation have the desired positive relationship. We discuss the conceptual and practical implications of this study.
We advance and test an institutional anomie theory of opportunity entrepreneurship for understanding the combinative effects of selected cultural values and social institutions to explain national ...differences in rates of opportunity entrepreneurship. We theorize opportunity entrepreneurship as a creatively deviant response to anomic conditions in societies, i.e., when social institutions block traditional means of achievement. Using 10 years of data for a pooled time series cross–sectional analysis, we examined a unique mixture of cultural and institutional variables and their interactions as predictors of nation–level opportunity entrepreneurship rates. We found support for most hypotheses showing that specific institutional contexts mitigate or enhance the effects of cultural drivers of opportunity entrepreneurship.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Research on the effects of national cultures and their interactions with the regulatory institutional environment on disruptive innovation in emerging economies context remains scarce. Thus, to ...answer this gap, we draw from the sociological framework of Institutional Anomie Theory and hypothesized that disruptive innovation is a form of positive deviance to anomic conditions in societies. Using multilevel analysis, the results showed support for moderating effects of the regulatory institutional context, i.e., rule of law and regulatory quality on the cultural drivers and disruptive innovation relationships. Finally, we discuss the results, the study's contributions and conclude with limitations and future research.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Group-10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are rising in prominence within the highly innovative field of 2D materials. While PtS
2
has been investigated for potential electronic applications, ...due to its high charge-carrier mobility and strongly layer-dependent bandgap, it has proven to be one of the more difficult TMDs to synthesise. In contrast to most TMDs, Pt has a significantly more stable monosulfide, the non-layered PtS. The existence of two stable platinum sulfides, sometimes within the same sample, has resulted in much confusion between the materials in the literature. Neither of these Pt sulfides have been thoroughly characterised as-of-yet. Here we utilise time-efficient, scalable methods to synthesise high-quality thin films of both Pt sulfides on a variety of substrates. The competing nature of the sulfides and limited thermal stability of these materials is demonstrated. We report peak-fitted X-ray photoelectron spectra, and Raman spectra using a variety of laser wavelengths, for both materials. This systematic characterisation provides a guide to differentiate between the sulfides using relatively simple methods which is essential to enable future work on these interesting materials.
PtS
2
and PtS thin films are synthesised by direct sulfurisation of Pt. X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy are used to unambiguously characterize both materials, providing a benchmark for future studies.
In this paper, we use the country institutional profile to investigate how selected cognitive, normative, and regulative aspects of various countries relate to traditional gender role attitudes of ...managers from these countries. Our cross-level analyses, using hierarchical linear modeling, control for a number of individual characteristics (i.e., age, education, gender, and social class). Results support our hypotheses that managers' traditional gender role attitudes relate positively to nation-level uncertainty avoidance and power distance. Moreover, the results support our predictions that gender egalitarian normative institutions, degree of regulation, and degree of educational development are negatively related to managers' traditional gender role attitudes. However, results reject our hypotheses regarding nation-level religiosity, assertiveness, and masculinity, not showing the proposed relationship with managers' traditional gender role attitudes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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