AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are fundamental elements in excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the CNS. Long term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity which contributes ...to learning and memory formation, relies on the accumulation of AMPARs at the postsynapse. This phenomenon requires the coordinated recruitment of different elements in the AMPAR complex. Based on recent research reviewed herein, we propose an updated AMPAR trafficking and LTP model which incorporates both extracellular as well as intracellular mechanisms.
This article is part of the special Issue on ‘Glutamate Receptors – AMPA receptors’.
•Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synapses underlies learning and memory.•AMPA receptor (AMPAR) accumulation is essential for LTP at CA3-CA1 synapses.•The extracellular AMPAR amino-terminal domain is required for synaptic trafficking.•Interactions between TARPs and MAGUK scaffolding proteins dock AMPARs at synapses.•Extra- and intracellular mechanisms enable AMPAR trafficking in synaptic plasticity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
As a consequence of the Spring 2020 lockdown that occurred in Spain due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many people lost their jobs or had to be furloughed. The objective of this study is to analyse the ...influence of the latter changes in labour market status on psychological well-being. For this purpose, an ad-hoc questionnaire featuring socio-demographic and mental health criteria was created. Granted that the pandemic can be viewed as an exogenous shock, the bias caused by the bidirectional problems between the work situation and mental well-being can be tackled. Results indicate that the lockdown exerted a greater negative effect on the self-perceived well-being of unemployed and furloughed persons than on those in employment. Moreover, among those in continuous employment, teleworkers experienced a lesser degree of self-perceived well-being post lockdown as compared to those people remaining in the same work location throughout the COVID-19 crisis. Finally, the lockdown provoked worse effects on the self-perceived well-being of women as compared to men, a result that appears to be related to gender differences in household production. In conclusion, these results could be especially relevant given that the evolution of the pandemic is having ongoing effects on employment and, therefore, on the mental health of workers.
En este artículo analizaremos la forma en que el campo intelectual y cultural fue visualizado e interpelado por el Movimiento Izquierda Revolucionaria (Praxis). Esto nos permitirá contribuir a ...reconstruir la concepción de esta organización política fundada por Silvio Frondizi y a poner de relieve los motivos de los cambios que aquella sufrió. Para ello determinaremos cuáles fueron las voces que intervinieron en los textos culturales de la prensa del MIR-P, qué diferencias presentaron, qué tópicos fueron transitados, qué tipo de interpelaciones se dirigió a los intelectuales.
Summary
In self‐incompatible Solanaceae, the pistil protein S‐RNase contributes to S‐specific pollen rejection in conspecific crosses, as well as to rejecting pollen from foreign species or whole ...clades. However, S‐RNase alone is not sufficient for either type of pollen rejection. We describe a thioredoxin (Trx) type h from Nicotiana alata, NaTrxh, which interacts with and reduces S‐RNase in vitro. Here, we show that expressing a redox‐inactive mutant, NaTrxhSS, suppresses both S‐specific pollen rejection and rejection of pollen from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. Biochemical experiments provide evidence that NaTrxh specifically reduces the Cys155‐Cys185 disulphide bond of SC10‐Rnase, resulting in a significant increase of its ribonuclease activity. This reduction and increase in S‐RNase activity by NaTrxh helps to explain why S‐RNase alone could be insufficient for pollen rejection.
Significance Statement
S‐RNase is very well known for its role in S‐RNase‐based self‐incompatibility and in some types of interspecific pollen rejection. Through a dominant‐negative approach, we show that a thioredoxin (Trx) type h from Nicotiana alata, NaTrxh, is required for both types of pollen rejection. This is a significant advance, although what sets our new contribution apart is that we show that NaTrxh reduces an S‐RNase disulphide and increases its activity, providing a remarkable level of insight into the biochemical mechanism of S‐RNase‐dependent pollen rejection.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction
The most widespread venous sites of access for implantation intravenous implantable cardiac electronic device (CIED) are the cephalic and subclavian vein. Fluoroscopy‐guided axillary ...venous access is an alternative, but efficacy and safety have not been studied under equal conditions. The aim of the present study is to compare the efficacy and safety of fluoroscopy‐guided axillary vs cephalic vein access in CIED implant.
Methods and Results
Two hundred and forty patients were randomized to receive CIED implantation by the fluoroscopy‐guided axillary vein access vs cephalic vein access. The implantation success, the procedure times and the complications were recorded. A comparison of the results of operators was made. The success rate of the randomized venous access was superior in the axillary group than in cephalic (98.3% vs 76.7%, P < .001). Time to access (6.8 ± 3.1 minute vs 13.1 ± 5.8 minutes, P < .001) and implantation duration was significantly shorter in the axillary group than in the cephalic group (42.3 ± 11.6 minutes vs 50.5 ± 13.3 minutes, P < .001). There was no difference in the incidence of complication and inter‐operator success rate, complications rate and time to access.
Conclusion
The fluoroscopy‐guided axillary venous access is safe and has a better success rate and faster execution time compared with the cephalic vein access. When the results were compared among the study operators, neither in the axillary nor in the cephalic group there were differences in the success rate, the complication rate, and the time to access.
Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03860090
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Objective
To describe the semiology of pain and its associated features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and headache presenting to the emergency department who do not require ...urgent services.
Background
Headache is one of the most frequent neurological symptoms reported in case series, epidemiological studies, and meta‐analyses of COVID‐19, with a prevalence ranging from 8 to 71.1%. Studies addressing the semiology of these headaches are lacking.
Methods
We conducted a cross‐sectional study in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Patients classified according to the Manchester Triage System as standard and non‐urgent and those fulfilling the criteria for probable or confirmed COVID‐19 according to World Health Organization guidelines who presented with headache were included. A standardized questionnaire was used for data collection.
Results
Of the 145 confirmed and probable COVID‐19 patients, 99 (68.3%) reported headache. A total of 54/99 (54.5%) were classified with probable COVID‐19 and 45/99 (45.5%) with confirmed COVID‐19. The mean age (44.7 ± 11.8 vs 40.4 ± 10.7, P = .061), sex distribution (35/54 64.8% vs 28/45 62.2% female, P = .768), and headache comorbidity (19/54 35.2% vs 17/45 37.8%, P = .789) were similar between the probable and confirmed COVID‐19 groups, along with other medical comorbidities and laboratory data. Patients with confirmed COVID‐19 showed a higher incidence of anosmia (21/54 38.9% vs 28/45 62.2%, P = .021) and pneumonia (10/54 18.5% vs 18/45 40%, P = .018), headache at onset (32/54 59.3% vs 39/45 86.7%, P = .002), and hospital admission (0/54 0% vs 2/45 11.1%, P = .017). In most cases, the headache appeared simultaneously with other COVID‐19 symptoms (57/99, 57.6%). It was bilateral (86/99, 86.9%), frontal or holocranial (34/99, 34.3% each) in location and intense (60/99, 60.6%, reported a visual analog scale VAS score ≥7). A total of 39/99 (39.4%) identified triggers, most commonly fever. The most frequent aggravating factors were physical activity (45/99, 45.5%) and coughing (43/99, 43.4%). Patients showed a propensity toward prostration (41/99, 41.4%), photophobia (29/99, 29.3%), and phonophobia (27/99, 27.3%). Partial (53/99, 53.5%) or total (26/99, 26.3%) responses to first‐step analgesics were reported. A total of 25/99 (25.3%) patients had a prior history of migraine, presenting with headache different from the usual in 23/25 (92.0%) patients. Individuals with migraine were more likely to have earlier (headache at onset of the respiratory symptoms in 24/25 96.0% vs 57/74 77.0%, P = .023 95% CI: 0.067, 0.313), longer (>24 hours of pain in 20/25 80% vs 25/74 33.8%, P < .001 95% CI: 0.272, 0.652), and more intense (VAS score ≥5 in 25/25 100% vs 63/74 85.1%, P = .043 95% CI: 0.057, 0.213) headaches than patients without migraine.
Conclusions
Headache is a very prevalent COVID‐19 symptom among patients presenting to the emergency room, most frequently presenting as holocranial or bifrontal moderate to severe, and pressing quality headache. Individuals with migraine tend to present with earlier, longer, and more intense headaches.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
•The arrival of Disney + to the Spanish audiovisual landscape had a great impact, among other reasons, because it coincided with the stage of strict confinement linked to the covid19 ...pandemic.•Despite the impact of Disney + on the audiovisual market in Spain, Netflix is still the OTT with the most subscribers and the most followers on the social networks Facebook and Instagram.•As for the type of content used on Facebook, it is striking that being platforms that produce audiovisual content, they use more images than videos when sharing information with their followers.•The impact of Amazon Video can be linked to two issues. On the one hand, the platform's strategy and on the other hand, the fact that it is a subscription linked to Amazon Prime.
OTT platforms lead the transformation of the audio-visual consumption model. The penetration of these platforms among audiences is increasing, which has repercussions on two fronts. We are witnessing a process of change in the current television model, where traditional leaders are being transferred from their dominant role and, secondly, there is competition between the OTT platforms themselves like Netflix, HBO, Amazon Prime and, more recently, Disney +, to lead the subscription market. Within this competition, social networks, specifically, Facebook and Instagram, are part of the communication strategy that all platforms carry out in order to seek to attract new subscribers. In this sense, the purpose of this work is to analyse the strategies carried out by the different OTTs in the Spanish market on both social networks and determine the impact of the arrival of Disney+ in this context. The study is based on a quantitative methodology where variables such as the frequency of publications, the typology of the contents disseminated or the interaction with the users of the different social networks are analysed. The results allow us to understand the current panorama of influence of these platforms in the Spanish context.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Transmembrane AMPA receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARPs) modulate AMPAR synaptic trafficking and transmission via disc-large (DLG) subfamily of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). ...Despite extensive studies, the molecular mechanism governing specific TARP/MAGUK interaction remains elusive. Using stargazin and PSD-95 as the representatives, we discover that the entire tail of stargazin (Stg_CT) is required for binding to PSD-95. The PDZ binding motif (PBM) and an Arg-rich motif upstream of PBM conserved in TARPs bind to multiple sites on PSD-95, thus resulting in a highly specific and multivalent stargazin/PSD-95 complex. Stargazin in complex with PSD-95 or PSD-95-assembled postsynaptic complexes form highly concentrated and dynamic condensates via phase separation, reminiscent of stargazin/PSD-95-mediated AMPAR synaptic clustering and trapping. Importantly, charge neutralization mutations in TARP_CT Arg-rich motif weakened TARP’s condensation with PSD-95 and impaired TARP-mediated AMPAR synaptic transmission in mice hippocampal neurons. The TARP_CT/PSD-95 interaction mode may have implications for understanding clustering of other synaptic transmembrane proteins.
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•The entire tail of stargazin binds to PSD-95 with high affinity and specificity•Stargazin/PSD-95 complex form condensed assembly via phase separation•Other TARPs and MAGUKs interact with each other like stargazin/PSD-95 does•Stargazin/PSD-95 phase separation is required for AMPAR synaptic transmission
Zeng et al. report that stargazin uses its entire C-terminal tail to bind to PSD-95 via a specific and multivalent interaction mode that governs the formation of condensed stargazin/PSD-95 assembly via liquid-liquid phase separation, a process critical for AMPAR synaptic targeting and transmission.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
En este artículo, voy a analizar el sistema de género y la construcción de la masculinidad en la escritura autobiográfica de Lurgio Gavilán Sánchez. Ofrezco un análisis textual y hermenéutico de la ...segunda etapa de su escritura, que empieza con el <<Epílogo>> de la reedición de Memorias de un soldado desconocido de 2017 e incluye Carta al teniente Shogún de 2019. En esta segunda etapa, el lugar de enunciación de Gavilán Sánchez es una generación con coordenadas de región, clase social y género: los exsoldados ayacuchanos que participaron en el conflicto armado interno--CAI. En el rol de narratario o audiencia lectora implícita, esta generación de exsoldados coexiste con la figura del teniente Shogún, quien se convierte en modelo de masculinidad, paternidad y principio guía para el objetivo del memorialista de recuperar la dimensión familiar. Gavilán Sánchez emplea una retórica religiosa y un modo melodramático para narrar sus interacciones y las de miembros de su generación con este militar y otras figuras paternas. Propongo que la figura de Shogún, a quien el memorialista presenta como emblema de una práctica humanitaria y democratizadora, en realidad encarna el patriarcado colonial moderno y subordina la masculinidad racializada de Gavilán Sánchez. Asimismo, el modo melodramático impone el binarismo de género del patriarcado colonial moderno que despolitiza a las mujeres (el caso de la militante senderista Rosaura).
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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