The aqueous sodium-ion battery is a promising alternative to the well-known lithium-ion battery owing to the large abundance of sodium ion resources. Although it is safer than the lithium-ion ...battery, the voltage window of the sodium-ion battery is narrower than that of the lithium-ion battery, thus limiting its practical implementation. Therefore, a highly concentrated electrolyte is required to address this issue. In the present work, the effect of the salt concentration on the transport properties of water molecules is investigated via theoretical analyses at the quantum mechanical level. A molecular dynamics simulation at the quantum mechanical level revealed that as the salt concentration increases, the ion–water interactions became stronger, leading to a lower diffusivity and a lower electronic band gap. These imply that the superconcentrated aqueous-based electrolytes have high potentials for the sodium-ion battery applications.
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The adulteration of beef meatballs with wild boar (Sus scrova) meat or chicken may be undertaken for economic reasons. This adulteration is a very sensitive issue, particularly for Muslim consumers, ...as the consumption of wild boar is strictly prohibited by Islamic law. This study aimed to discriminate volatile compounds in meatballs made from beef, chicken, and wild boar and mixtures thereof using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS) and multivariate data analysis. SPME is a non-destructive method for the extraction of volatile compounds and does not alter the original chemical composition of the volatiles. A validated partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model with three classes was used to uncover the discriminating volatiles of each type of meatball. The results indicated that β-cymene, 3-methyl-butanal, and 2-pentanol were among the positive discriminating volatiles with the highest variable importance in projection (VIP) values among the chicken meatballs. The highest VIP positive discriminating volatiles in the beef meatballs were 5-ethyl-m-xylene, benzaldehyde, and 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene. The mixed meatballs exhibited an interesting profile, with all appearing in the same group as the pure wild boar meatballs. However, the discriminating volatiles derived from a separate PLS-DA model indicated that they contained different compounds. In the pure wild boar meatballs, six compounds (pentanal, 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone, 1-undecanol, cyclobutanol, 2,4,5-trimethyl-thiazole, and 5-ethyl-3-(3-methyl-5-phenyl pyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine) were identified as discriminating volatile compounds with the highest VIP values. These compounds were consistently found as significant discriminating volatile compounds in mixture meatballs group although with different VIP value. This research demonstrated that SPME-GC/MS combined with multivariate data analysis was a fast and reliable method for differentiating meatballs made from beef, chicken, and wild boar meat based on their volatile compound contents.
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GEOZS, IJS, NUK, OILJ, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Sweeteners have been used in food for centuries to increase both taste and appearance. However, the consumption of sweeteners, mainly sugars, has an adverse effect on human health when consumed in ...excessive doses for a certain period, including alteration in gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, the application of non-nutritive sweeteners in foodstuffs has risen dramatically in the last decade to substitute sugars. These sweeteners are commonly recognized as high-intensity sweeteners because, in a lower amount, they could achieve the same sweetness of sugar. Regulatory authorities and supervisory agencies around the globe have established the maximum amount of these high-intensity sweeteners used in food products. While the regulation is getting tighter on the market to ensure food safety, reliable analytical methods are required to assist the surveillance in monitoring the use of high-intensity sweeteners. Hence, it is also necessary to comprehend the most appropriate method for rapid and effective analyses applied for quality control in food industries, surveillance and monitoring on the market, etc. Apart from various analytical methods discussed here, extraction techniques, as an essential step of sample preparation, are also highlighted. The proper procedure, efficiency, and the use of solvents are discussed in this review to assist in selecting a suitable extraction method for a food matrix. Single- and multianalyte analyses of sweeteners are also described, employing various regular techniques, such as HPLC, and advanced techniques. Furthermore, to support on-site surveillance of sweeteners’ usage in food products on the market, non-destructive analytical methods that provide practical, fast, and relatively low-cost analysis are widely implemented.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mangos are one of horticultural products that are leading the Indonesian agricultural industry. Simple post-harvest handling leads to high damage. The most common causes is anthracnose disease caused ...by Colletotrichum sp. Therefore, it’s necessary to modify the existing methods in postharvest handling such as coating. Adding active agents such as carbon dot (CD) in coating material to prevent anthracnose from growing and shorten the shelf life. This study aims to investigate the applicability and antifungal properties of CD as a composite coating. CDs were synthesized using chitosan as the carbon source in a one-pot hydrothermal technique. The CDs have blue-emitting luminescence caused by the functional group at the surface of CD. The CDs were used to prepare chitosan/pectin (Chi/Pec)-based composite coatings. The addition of CDs increased the viscosity and density of composites, increased the blue-emitting luminescence, and showed potential antioxidant activity. The CDs and composite coatings exhibited high antifungal activity against Colletotrichum sp. by agar well diffusion method and were classified as very strong antifungal agents. The chitosan/pectin/CDs-coating effectively reduced the growth of black spots on the surface of mangos and increased the fruit shelf life of the fruit by 24 days. The CDs are evidently safe, affordable, and value-added nanomaterials that can be used to prepare active packaging applications.
We report on the photophysical studies of two cationic near-UV emitters based on bis-pincer Ir(III) carbene complexes: Ir nBu(CNHC MeCCNHC)2X, where Ir nBu(CNHC MeCCNHC) is ...(4,6-dimethyl-1,3-phenylene-κC2)bis(1-butylimidazol-2-ylidene) and X = I– or PF6 –). The compounds are highly emitting in deaerated CH3CN solution with emission maxima at 384 and 406 nm, and photoluminescence quantum yields of 0.41 and 0.38, for Ir nBu(CNHC MeCCNHC)2I and IrnBu(CNHC MeCCNHC)2PF6, respectively. In order to gain deeper understandings into their structural and electronic features, as well as to ascertain the nature of the excited states involved into the electronic absorption processes, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations have been performed on the ground and excited states of the closely related complex IrMe(CNHC MeCCNHC)2+. In the solid state, an emission at low energy is observed (λmax = 500 nm) for both complexes. However, the intensity of the emission at high energy versus the intensity of the new emission at low energy is dependent on the nature of counterions. The origin of this emission is not completely clear, but the experimental data point to the formation of trapping sites induced by aggregation processes involving the interaction between the cationic emitter and the counterion.
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•Natural zeolite (NZ), which is treated with desilication, is very effective in being used as catalyst support.•The smaller concentration of NaOH in the desilication process, the better the resulting ...characteristics.•The Ni/NZ0.5 catalyst revealed optimal catalytic activity with a liquid fraction and green diesel selectivity of 83.64% and 92.74%, respectively.
Natural zeolite (NZ) from desilication and activation was prepared to support the Ni catalyst. The catalyst was utilized for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into green diesel. Desilication using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution increases the porosity, surface area, and acidity of the natural zeolite, thus increasing the catalytic activity. This study aims to determine the effect of the NaOH concentration utilized in the desilication process on the characteristics of support and catalytic activity of the Ni/NZ catalyst. Additionally, pure Ni and Ni/NZ without desilication were also investigated for comparison. NZ underwent desilication by varying the concentration of NaOH (0.5, 1, and 2 N). Desilicated zeolite was then activated using a 1 M ammonium acetate solution and impregnated with Ni metals. The desilication NZ increases the acidity and surface area at a low NaOH concentration, while the zeolite structure (clinoptilolite) is still intact. Therefore, the catalytic activity of the catalyst was also increased compared to Ni and Ni/NZ catalysts without desilication. Conversely, a higher concentration of NaOH decreases the Si/Al ratio, acidity, and surface area of support. As a result, the catalytic activity of the catalyst decreases, as evidenced by the reduced liquid product in the hydrodeoxygenation of PFAD. The Ni/NZ0.5 catalyst revealed optimal catalytic activity with a liquid fraction and green diesel selectivity of 83.64% and 92.74%, respectively.
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GEOZS, IJS, NUK, OILJ, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Petroleum fuel is the primary source of energy today. Its use often causes environmental problems, one of them SOx gas emissions. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of crude palm oil ...refining and has great promise to be developed as a renewable energy source. This research investigates the effect of Ni/P catalyst ratios impregnated by activated natural zeolite as solid support to properties and performance of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of PFAD to green diesel. The HDO reaction was performed by varying Ni/P at a temperature of 350 °C for 2 h, and 40 bar H2 pressure. The highest conversion and selectivity of PFAD to green diesel are obtained at a ratio of NiP(2:1)/NZ0.5 catalyst.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Gelatin is extensively applied in various industries, including food, beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Although the determination of gelatin species is essential for religious, health, and ...consumer preference reasons, a standardized analysis method is absent. The challenge in identifying gelatin through DNA-based methods arises from the low DNA content and extensive DNA denaturation in the gelatin matrix. This study assessed the efficacy of two commercial DNA extraction kits, namely the Processed Food DNA Extraction (PF kit) and the DNeasy Mericon Food Kit (DM kit), for extracting DNA from porcine gelatin powder and commercial products derived from gelatin. Additionally, we evaluate the amplification of the extracted porcine DNA using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) techniques. The PF extraction kit demonstrated successful DNA extraction from porcine gelatin powder and commercial samples of porcine gelatin-based candies with a higher concentration (32.24-286.07 ng/uL) and purity (A260/A280 ratio of 1.82-2.33) compared to the DM kit (3.95-7.30 ng/uL and an A260/A280 ratio of 1.29-2.45). RT-PCR and ddPCR analyses yielded positive results for porcine DNA from gelatin powder for both PF and DM kits, albeit with differing Cq values and copy numbers. The choice of DNA extraction kit significantly impacted the amplification results when analyzing commercial samples of porcine gelatin-based candies. Using RT-PCR, all samples yielded negative results with the DM kit, while the PF kit detected one positive result for porcine DNA. Improved outcomes were observed with more sensitive analysis methods such as ddPCR, where the DM kit identified one positive result for porcine DNA while the PF kit detected positive results for all tested candies.
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This study was aimed to investigate the use of the response surface methodology (RSM) to improve the extraction process of pangasius Pangasianodon hypopthalmus fish skin gelatin. RSM ...was conducted based on central composite design (CCD) consisting of the two factors, namely, citric acid concentration and extraction time. The yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, viscosity, and setting point were all positively correlated with citric acid concentration, whereas the extraction duration influenced the yield, gel strength, moisture content, and setting point. The combination of these two factors improved the physicochemical properties of the final gelatin preparation. The optimized extraction process was found at the citric acid concentration of 0.3 % and the extraction time of 8 h, producing the gelatin of the quality within the standard GMIA. The gelatin resulted from the optimized processing condition was used as a raw material for hard capsules. The characteristics of the capsules produced were in accordance with those of the commercially available hard capsules.
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