High grain number is positively correlated with grain yield in rice, but it is compromised because of poor filling of basal spikelets in dense panicle bearing numerous spikelets. The phenomenon that ...turns the basal spikelets of compact panicle sterile in rice is largely unknown. In order to understand the factor(s) that possibly determines such spikelet sterility in compact panicle cultivars, QTLs and candidate genes were identified for spikelet fertility and associated traits like panicle compactness, and ethylene production that significantly influences the grain filling using recombinant inbred lines developed from a cross between indica rice cultivars, PDK Shriram (compact, high spikelet number) and Heera (lax, low spikelet number). Novel QTLs, qSFP1.1, qSFP3.1, and qSFP6.1 for spikelet fertility percentage; qIGS3.2 and qIGS4.1 for panicle compactness; and qETH1.2, qETH3.1, and qETH4.1 for ethylene production were consistently identified in both kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018. The comparative expression analysis of candidate genes like ERF3, AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor, EREBP, GBSS1, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase GW2, and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERL1 associated with identified QTLs revealed their role in poor grain filling of basal spikelets in a dense panicle. These candidate genes thus could be important for improving grain filling in compact-panicle rice cultivars through biotechnological interventions.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bitumen requirement in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is directly dependent on the surface area of the aggregates in the mix, which in turn has effect on the asphalt film thickness and the flow ...characteristics. The surface area of aggregate blend in HMA is calculated using the specific surface area factors assigned to percentage passing through some specific standard sieve sizes and the imaging techniques. The first process is less capital intensive, but purely manual and labour intensive and prone to human errors. Imaging techniques though eliminating the human errors, still have limited use due to capital intensiveness and requirement of well-established laboratories with qualified technicians. Most of the developing countries like India are shortage of well-equipped laboratories and qualified technicians. To overcome these difficulties, the present mathematical model has been developed to estimate the surface area of aggregate blend of HMA from physical properties of aggregates evaluated using simple laboratory equipment. This model has been validated compared with the existing established methods of calculations and can be used as one of the tools in different developing and under developed countries for proper design of HMA.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Graphene sandwiched crumb rubber dispersed hot mix asphalt Singh, Bineet Baliyar; Mohanty, Fanismita; Das, Sudhanshu Sekhar ...
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,
October 2020, 2020-10-01, Volume:
7, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The crumb rubber obtained from discarded vehicle tires and graphene oxide prepared by oxidation of graphite powder in laboratory were used to modify virgin bitumen. Four different hot mix asphalt ...matrices prepared using virgin bitumen, crumb rubber modified bitumen, graphene oxide modified bitumen and combination of crumb rubber-graphene oxide modified bitumen are compared. The modified bitumen matrices are characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy for structural and morphological analysis. Marshall properties along with indirect tensile test and tensile strength ratio tests were carried out to check the resistance towards cracking and moisture susceptibility of matrices. The results show that, crumb rubber and graphene oxide are completely compatible with bitumen. 9.8% crumb rubber content in crumb rubber modified bitumen hot mix asphalt exhibits the optimum result. The performance of graphene oxide modified bitumen hot mix asphalt exhibits superior performance in comparison to control mix and crumb rubber modified bitumen hot mix asphalt samples. The enhanced properties of modified bitumen hot mix asphalt with the combining effect of graphene oxide and crumb rubber, are suitable for road construction.
•Crumbed Rubber (CR), Graphin Oxide (GO) and combination of both used as modifier of bitumen for preparation HMA.•FTIR and microscopy Characterization shows modifiers are well dispersed in bitumen.•9.8% CR content in CR modified bitumen HMA exhibited the optimum result.•GO modified HMA exhibit superior performance compared to control mix and CR modified HMA.•The properties of modified HMA are enhanced by combining effect of GO and CR.•Minimal amount of GO used to enhance HMA properties may be economical for road construction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Breeding programs for increasing spikelet number in rice have resulted in compactness of the panicle, accompanied by poor grain filling in inferior spikelets. Although the inefficient utilization of ...assimilate has been indicated as responsible for this poor grain filling, the underlying cause remains elusive. The current study utilized the suppression subtractive hybridization technique to identify 57 and 79 genes that overexpressed in the superior and inferior spikelets (with respect to each other), respectively, of the compact-panicle rice cultivar Mahalaxmi. Functional categorization of these differentially expressed genes revealed a marked metabolic difference between the spikelets according to their spatial location on the panicle. The expression of genes encoding seed storage proteins was dominant in inferior spikelets, whereas genes encoding regulatory proteins, such as serine-threonine kinase, zinc finger protein and E3 ligase, were highly expressed in superior spikelets. The expression patterns of these genes in the inferior and superior spikelets of Mahalaxmi were similar to those observed in another compact-panicle cultivar, OR-1918, but differed from those obtained in two lax-panicle cultivars, Upahar and Lalat. The results first suggest that the regulatory proteins abundantly expressed in the superior spikelets of compact-panicle cultivars and in both the superior and inferior spikelets of lax-panicle cultivars but poorly expressed in the inferior spikelets of compact-panicle cultivars promote grain filling. Second, the high expression of seed-storage proteins observed in the inferior spikelets of compact-panicle cultivars appears to inhibit the grain filling process. Third, the low expression of enzymes of the Krebs cycle in inferior spikelets compared with superior spikelets of compact-panicle cultivars is bound to lead to poor ATP generation in the former and consequently limit starch biosynthesis, an ATP-consuming process, resulting in poor grain filling.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The paper documents an experience of developing a demand model for alternatives with dissimilar attributes in the context of transportation services. The work is demonstrated with reference to feeder ...service to the bus stop in rural India, where the attributes and physical levels of hypothetical feeder service and presently used modes, namely bicycle, and motorcycles, are highly dissimilar. A two-stage approach was adopted in which the first stage analysis included the development of an RPL model to obtain the WTP values of hypothetical feeder service. At this stage, only the attributes of various hypothetical feeder services were considered which were similar in nature. In the second stage, the number of variables describing the hypothetical feeder service was reduced judiciously using the knowledge obtained from stage I analysis and demand models were developed for two user groups, namely bicycle users and motorcycle users. The results indicate the need for improvement of qualitative attributes of feeder service, which are often neglected in emerging countries such as India. Although the results presented in the paper are case-specific, the experiences documented in this paper are expected to encourage transportation planners to follow a similar approach while developing demand models involving dissimilar alternatives.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
An embankment is a vacillating wall of earth or concrete, which directs the river or flood water to its actual target and prevents farmlands. During heavy flood, water overtops the crest and silts ...clog sluice gate. This creates wave and extensive silt pressure on the wall. In order to avoid such situation, it needs to diverted floodwater through a water channel to a silt trap. Silts will settle in the silt trap and clean water will lend into the injection well passing through the multilayer of injection media. The floodwater is accommodated in a specially designed storage well accompanied with percolating cloak. The cleared water columns injected into the deeper layers of semi-impervious soil strata through the non-clogging percolating screens attached to the well. This diverts the water to percolates to deeper earth strata by capillary action and helps to recharge ground water. The paper aims on deliberating different eco-friendly design and construction technique of high raise embankment. Apart from this, an attempt has been made to showcase the increasing trends in research publication and activity in the area of eco-friendly construction practices to direct and absorb water without affecting the artesian spring.
Low light intensity affects several physiological parameters during the different growth stages in rice. Plants have various regulatory mechanisms to cope with stresses. One of them is the ...differential and temporal expression of genes, which is governed by post-transcriptional gene expression regulation through endogenous miRNAs. To decipher low light stress-responsive miRNAs in rice, miRNA expression profiling was carried out using next-generation sequencing of low-light-tolerant (Swarnaprabha) and -sensitive (IR8) rice genotypes through Illumina sequencing. Swarnaprabha and IR8 were subjected to 25% low light treatment for one day, three days, and five days at the active tillering stage. More than 43 million raw reads and 9 million clean reads were identified in Swarnaprabha, while more than 41 million raw reads and 8.5 million clean reads were identified in IR8 after NGS. Importantly, 513 new miRNAs in rice were identified, whose targets were mostly regulated by the genes involved in photosynthesis and metabolic pathways. Additionally, 114 known miRNAs were also identified. Five novel (osa-novmiR1, osa-novmiR2, osa-novmiR3, osa-novmiR4, and osa-novmiR5) and three known (osa-miR166c-3p, osa-miR2102-3p, and osa-miR530-3p) miRNAs were selected for their expression validation through miRNA-specific qRT-PCR. The expression analyses of most of the predicted targets of corresponding miRNAs show negative regulation. Hence, miRNAs modulated the expression of genes providing tolerance/susceptibility to low light stress. This information might be useful in the improvement of crop productivity under low light stress.
Construction materials will be in the extinction stage in the future. Use of the waste materials to ensure environmental protection is the need of hour. For the construction of essential ...infrastructure like flexible pavement requires bitumen. Bitumen obtained as a petroleum refinery by-product used for construction of flexible pavement is on the verge of extinction, since natural oil petroleum is a non-renewable resource. Again low life of bitumen due to oxidation is another problem. Hence, it is important to use potential modifiers to partially substitute and enhance the life of bitumen and flexible pavements. In this paper use of numerous modifiers and their possible effects on bitumen and bituminous mix strength and toughness are described by researchers. Different modifiers such as polypropylene, Nano montmorillonite, Nano-silica, Nano-clay, Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), High-Density Poly-Ethylene (HDPE), Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT), graphene, Graphene Oxide (GO), fly ash, cloisite, evotherm, Cecabase Rt, Nano fill, rubber waste, crumb rubber etc. were used for modification of bitumen. Binder proportions are approximately similar on the other hand percentages of modifiers used differ mostly by researchers. It is evident from the literature that the optimal proportion of modifier would only yield improved performance. However, the quality of the modifiers shows a key part, to fulfil the requirements of the ideal pavement and increased life carefully chosen based on the soil conditions and environmental circumstances.
Artificial microRNAs (amiRNA) provide a new feature in the gene silencing era. Concomitantly, reducing the amount of lignin in fiber-yielding plants such as jute holds significant commercial and ...environmental potential, since this amount is inversely proportional to the quality of the fiber. The present study aimed at reducing the lignin content in jute, by introducing amiRNA based vectors for down-regulation of two monolignoid biosynthetic genes of jute, coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) and ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H). The transgenic lines of F5H–amiRNA and C3H–amiRNA showed a reduced level of gene expression, which resulted in about 25 % reduction in acid insoluble lignin content for whole stem and 12–15 % reduction in fiber lignin as compared to the non-transgenic plants. The results indicate successful F5H–amiRNA and C3H–amiRNA transgenesis for lignin reduction in jute. This is likely to have far-reaching commercial implications and economic acceleration for jute producing countries.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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