In the 1980s, menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) became a household topic, particularly among mothers and their daughters. The research performed at the time, and for the first time, exposed the ...American public as well as the biomedical community, in a major way, to understanding disease progression and investigation. Those studies led to the identification of the cause,
and the pyrogenic toxin superantigen TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1), and many of the risk factors, for example, tampon use. Those studies in turn led to TSS warning labels on the outside and inside of tampon boxes and, as important, uniform standards worldwide of tampon absorbency labeling. This review addresses our understanding of the development and conclusions related to mTSS and risk factors. We leave the final message that even though mTSS is not commonly in the news today, cases continue to occur. Additionally,
strains cycle in human populations in roughly 10-year intervals, possibly dependent on immune status. TSST-1-producing
bacteria appear to be reemerging, suggesting that physician awareness of this emergence and mTSS history should be heightened.
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) using Cu-based catalysts holds great potential for producing valuable multi-carbon products from renewable energy. However, the chemical and ...structural state of Cu catalyst surfaces during the CO2RR remains a matter of debate. Here, we show the structural evolution of the near-surface region of polycrystalline Cu electrodes under in situ conditions through a combination of grazing incidence X-ray absorption spectroscopy (GIXAS) and X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The in situ GIXAS reveals that the surface oxide layer is fully reduced to metallic Cu before the onset potential for CO2RR, and the catalyst maintains the metallic state across the potentials relevant to the CO2RR. We also find a preferential surface reconstruction of the polycrystalline Cu surface toward (100) facets in the presence of CO2. Quantitative analysis of the reconstruction profiles reveals that the degree of reconstruction increases with increasingly negative applied potentials, and it persists when the applied potential returns to more positive values. These findings show that the surface of Cu electrocatalysts is dynamic during the CO2RR, and emphasize the importance of in situ characterization to understand the surface structure and its role in electrocatalysis.
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The most essential characteristic of any fluid is the velocity field, and this is particularly true for macroscopic quantum fluids1. Although rapid advances2–7 have occurred in quantum fluid velocity ...field imaging8, the velocity field of a charged superfluid—a superconductor—has never been visualized. Here we use superconducting-tip scanning tunnelling microscopy9–11 to image the electron-pair density and velocity fields of the flowing electron-pair fluid in superconducting NbSe2. Imaging of the velocity fields surrounding a quantized vortex12,13 finds electronic fluid flow with speeds reaching 10,000 km h–1. Together with independent imaging of the electron-pair density via Josephson tunnelling, we visualize the supercurrent density, which peaks above 3 × 107 A cm–2. The spatial patterns in electronic fluid flow and magneto-hydrodynamics reveal hexagonal structures coaligned to the crystal lattice and quasiparticle bound states14, as long anticipated15–18. These techniques pave the way for electronic fluid flow visualization studies of other charged quantum fluids.Atomic-scale visualization of the superfluid velocity field, the electron-pair density and the superfluid current density in an electron-pair superfluid surrounding an Abrikosov vortex in a superconducting sample of NbSe2 is demonstrated, using superconducting-tip scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ
•Environmental surveillance of AMR is missing from current One Health strategies.•Integrated surveillance can benefit clinical practice and mitigate the spread of AMR.•Standardized methods, ...reporting, and data sharing needed for actionable data.•Surveillance of wastewater/receiving environments captures human/animal population trends.•Integrating environmental surveillance across the One Health spectrum can inform policy.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that requires coordinated action across One Health sectors (humans, animals, environment) to stem its spread. Environmental surveillance of AMR is largely behind the curve in current One Health surveillance programs, but recent momentum in the establishment of infrastructure for monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in sewage provides an impetus for analogous AMR monitoring. Simultaneous advances in research have identified striking trends in various AMR measures in wastewater and other impacted environments across global transects. Methodologies for tracking AMR, including metagenomics, are rapidly advancing, but need to be standardized and made modular for access by LMICs, while also developing systems for sample archiving and data sharing. Such efforts will help optimize effective global AMR policy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Macrophages clear pathogens by phagocytosis and lysosomes that fuse with phagosomes are traditionally regarded as to a source of membranes and luminal degradative enzymes. Here, we reveal that ...endo‐lysosomes act as platforms for a new phagocytic signalling pathway in which FcγR activation recruits the second messenger NAADP and thereby promotes the opening of Ca2+‐permeable two‐pore channels (TPCs). Remarkably, phagocytosis is driven by these local endo‐lysosomal Ca2+ nanodomains rather than global cytoplasmic or ER Ca2+ signals. Motile endolysosomes contact nascent phagosomes to promote phagocytosis, whereas endo‐lysosome immobilization prevents it. We show that TPC‐released Ca2+ rapidly activates calcineurin, which in turn dephosphorylates and activates the GTPase dynamin‐2. Finally, we find that different endo‐lysosomal Ca2+ channels play diverse roles, with TPCs providing a universal phagocytic signal for a wide range of particles and TRPML1 being only required for phagocytosis of large targets.
Synopsis
A role for early Ca2+ signals in phagocytosis remains controversial. Here local Ca2+‐enriched nanodomains formed by two‐pore channels (TPCs) on endolysosomes, rather than global cytoplasmic or ER calcium signals, are shown to promote phagocytosis in murine macrophages.
TPCs promote FcR‐mediated phagocytosis and clearance of infective pathogens from endolysosomes in murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages.
Phagocytosis is driven by local, TPC‐generated Ca2+ nanodomains, but not by global Ca2+ signals generated through IP3R/ORAI.
TPCs activate calcineurin and the GTPase dynamin‐2.
TPC‐mediated Ca2+ nanodomains provide a universal phagocytic signal, whereas TRPML1‐mediated Ca2+ signals are only required for the phagocytosis of large particles.
Phagocytic uptake of live bacteria requires TPC1 and TPC2.
Local Ca2+ nanodomains formed by two‐pore channels (TPCs) on endolysosomes, rather than global cytoplasmic or ER calcium signals, promote phagocytosis in murine macrophages.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Feedstocks for Lignocellulosic Biofuels Somerville, Chris; Youngs, Heather; Taylor, Caroline ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
08/2010, Volume:
329, Issue:
5993
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In 2008, the world produced approximately 87 gigaliters of liquid biofuels, which is roughly equal to the volume of liquid fuel consumed by Germany that year. Essentially, all of this biofuel was ...produced from crops developed for food production, raising concerns about the net energy and greenhouse gas effects and potential competition between use of land for production of fuels, food, animal feed, fiber, and ecosystem services. The pending implementation of improved technologies to more effectively convert the nonedible parts of plants (lignocellulose) to liquid fuels opens diverse options to use biofuel feedstocks that reach beyond current crops and the land currently used for food and feed. However, there has been relatively little discussion of what types of plants may be useful as bioenergy crops.
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BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to ...stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Understanding signal transduction paths underlying elicitor-induced production of secondary metabolites is important for optimizing their commercial production. This paper summarizes progress made on several aspects of elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites, including: elicitor signal perception by various receptors of plants; avirulence determinants and corresponding plant R proteins; heterotrimeric and small GTP binding proteins; ion fluxes, especially Ca
2+ influx, and Ca
2+ signaling; medium alkalinization and cytoplasmic acidification; oxidative burst and reactive oxygen species; inositol trisphosphates and cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP); salicylic acid and nitric oxide; jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid signaling; oxylipin signals such as allene oxide synthase-dependent jasmonate and hydroperoxide lyase-dependent C12 and C6 volatiles; as well as other lipid messengers such as lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol. All these signal components are employed directly or indirectly by elicitors for induction of plant secondary metabolite accumulation. Cross-talk between different signaling pathways is very common in plant defense response, thus the cross-talk amongst these signaling pathways, such as elicitor and jasmonate, jasmonate and ethylene, and each of these with reactive oxygen species, is discussed separately. This review also highlights the integration of multiple signaling pathways into or by transcription factors, as well as the linkage of the above signal components in elicitor signaling network through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Some perspectives on elicitor signal transduction and plant secondary metabolism at the transcriptome and metabolome levels are also presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance Historiography sets the agenda for inclusive and wide-ranging approaches to writing history, embracing the diverse perspectives of the twenty-first ...century and Critical Media History.
Written by an international team of authors whose expertise spans a multitude of historical periods and cultures, this collection of fascinating essays poses the central question: “what is specific to the historiography of the performative?” The study of theatre, in conjunction with the wider sphere of performance, involves an array of multi-faceted methods for collecting evidence, interpreting sources, and creating meaning. Reflecting on issues of recording — from early-modern musical scores, through VHS technology to latest digital procedures — and on what is missing from records or oblique in practices, the contributors convey how theatre and performance history is integral to social and cultural relations.
This expertly curated collection repositions theatre and performance history and is essential reading for Theatre and Performance Studies students or those interested in social and cultural history more generally.
An unidentified quantum fluid designated the pseudogap (PG) phase is produced by electron-density depletion in the CuO
antiferromagnetic insulator. Current theories suggest that the PG phase may be a ...pair density wave (PDW) state characterized by a spatially modulating density of electron pairs. Such a state should exhibit a periodically modulating energy gap Formula: see text in real-space, and a characteristic quasiparticle scattering interference (QPI) signature Formula: see text in wavevector space. By studying strongly underdoped Bi
Sr
CaDyCu
O
at hole-density ~0.08 in the superconductive phase, we detect the 8a
-periodic Formula: see text modulations signifying a PDW coexisting with superconductivity. Then, by visualizing the temperature dependence of this electronic structure from the superconducting into the pseudogap phase, we find the evolution of the scattering interference signature Formula: see text that is predicted specifically for the temperature dependence of an 8a
-periodic PDW. These observations are consistent with theory for the transition from a PDW state coexisting with d-wave superconductivity to a pure PDW state in the Bi
Sr
CaDyCu
O
pseudogap phase.
Highly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are required for the development of photoelectrochemical devices that generate hydrogen efficiently from water using solar energy. ...Here, we identify the origin of a 500-fold OER activity enhancement that can be achieved with mixed (Ni,Fe)oxyhydroxides (Ni1–x Fe x OOH) over their pure Ni and Fe parent compounds, resulting in one of the most active currently known OER catalysts in alkaline electrolyte. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) using high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) reveals that Fe3+ in Ni1–x Fe x OOH occupies octahedral sites with unusually short Fe–O bond distances, induced by edge-sharing with surrounding NiO6 octahedra. Using computational methods, we establish that this structural motif results in near optimal adsorption energies of OER intermediates and low overpotentials at Fe sites. By contrast, Ni sites in Ni1–x Fe x OOH are not active sites for the oxidation of water.
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