The incidence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in the general population. PAD is a strong independent risk factor for increased ...cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity, including limb amputation, in persons with CKD. Diagnosis of PAD in patients with CKD may be challenging in the absence of classic intermittent claudication or the presence of atypical leg symptoms. In addition, pedal artery incompressibility may decrease the accuracy of ankle-brachial index measurement, the most common PAD diagnostic tool. Alternative methods such as toe-brachial index should be used if clinical suspicion persists despite a normal ankle-brachial index value. Aggressive risk-factor modification, including treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and smoking cessation, should be mandatory in all patients. Treatment of all individuals with PAD should include antiplatelet medications and prescribed supervised exercise programs and/or cilostazol for individuals with claudication symptoms. Preventive foot care measures and a multidisciplinary approach involving podiatrists and vascular and wound care specialists should be used to reduce amputations. Revascularization for critical limb ischemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients with CKD with PAD. Future investigation is recommended to evaluate the benefit of earlier treatment strategies in this high cardiovascular disease risk population with CKD.
Objective To examine the relative effects of high blood pressure (HBP) and obesity on left ventricular mass (LVM) among African-American adolescents; and if metabolic or inflammatory factors ...contribute to LVM. Study design Using a 2 × 2 design, African-American adolescents were stratified by body mass index percentile (body mass index <95th percentile = non-obese; ≥95th percentile = obese) and average blood pressure (BP) (normal BP <120/80 mm Hg; HBP ≥120/80). Glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipids, and inflammatory cytokines were measured. From echocardiography measures of LVM, calculated LVM index (LVMI) ≥95th percentile defined left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Results Data included 301 adolescents (48% female), mean age 16.2 years, 51% obese, and 29% HBP. LVMI was highest among adolescents with both obesity and HBP. The multiplicative interaction of obesity and HBP on LVH was not significant (OR = 2.35, P = .20) but the independent additive associations of obesity and HBP with log-odds of LVH were significant; obesity OR = 3.26, P < .001; HBP OR = 2.92, P < .001. Metabolic and inflammatory risk factors were associated with obesity, but had no independent association with LVMI. Compared with those with average systolic BP (SBP) <75th percentile, adolescents with SBP from the 75th percentile to 90th percentile had higher LVMI (33.2 vs 38.7 g/m2.7 , P < .001) and greater LVH (18% vs 43%, P < .001), independent of obesity. Conclusions Prevalence of LVH is highest among African-American adolescents with average BP ≥120/80 mm Hg and obesity. There also is an independent association of LVMI with BP, beginning at the 75th SBP percentile.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
C-reactive protein (CRP) is related to adiposity and metabolic risk and predicts events in adults. The objective was to determine if relationships between adiposity and CRP have similar magnitudes in ...adolescents as adults.
Healthy African Americans (484 adults and 282 adolescents) were recruited from similar environments. In both cohorts, measurements included anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP), metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers. After stratification by high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP: ≤1, 1-≤3, >3 mg/dL), adults and adolescents were compared with regard to body mass index (BMI; kg/m), waist circumference (WC; cm), BP and other risk factors. hsCRP was regressed on BMI and WC with covariates including cohort, age, sex, BP, insulin resistance, smoking, alcohol and other biomarkers. Interaction terms and a subset of the covariates were subject to a supervised variable selection procedure for a final model. Skewed variables were log transformed and summarized by geometric means (GMs) with 1st and 3rd quartiles (Q1, Q3).
Among adolescents (16.3%) and adults (34.1%) having high hsCRP(>3 mg/dL), BMI was distributed similarly (GM = 36.4 32.7, 43.1 and GM = 34.7 28.8, 40.8, respectively) as was WC (GM = 104.2 93.0, 119.0 and GM = 104.9 93.0, 117.2, respectively). In an adjusted regression model, for a given BMI, elevated WC was associated with elevated hsCRP (P = 0.02). Although elevated BMI was significantly associated with elevated hsCRP, the relationship was stronger among adolescents (interaction P = 0.04).
These findings demonstrate that, in African Americans, obesity is associated with inflammation and adverse changes in metabolic parameters among both adolescents and young adults.
African Americans have more hypertension and hypertension-related morbidity than whites. Aldosterone, in presence of a high salt intake, contributes to hypertension and tissue injury. Inappropriately ...elevated aldosterone levels could explain this racial disparity. Our study was conducted to determine if aldosterone is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) or insulin resistance, independent of obesity. A study was conducted on 483 young adult African Americans without cardiovascular or renal disease. Measurements included anthropometrics, BP, lipids, glucose, insulin, aldosterone, and renin. Urine sodium and potassium estimated sodium intake. The cohort was stratified by tertiles of aldosterone and tertiles of aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR). Average urine sodium/potassium ratio was >3.0 in all groups. Insulin resistance, estimated by homeostasis model, was lowest in the low aldosterone group (geometric mean 1.5 0.6, 2.2) compared with the high aldosterone group (1.7 0.9, 2.7, P < .01). Adjusted analyses detected a significant association of aldosterone with insulin resistance, independent of other variables. BP was significantly higher in the high ARR group compared with low and mid ARR groups (P < .01). The significant association of ARR with BP with high dietary sodium suggests that insufficiently suppressed aldosterone may contribute to BP sensitivity to sodium in African Americans.
Cytokines produced by adipose tissue, including adiponectin, have been associated with metabolic abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity ...measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp with plasma adiponectin and other adipokines in young adult African Americans.
Participants were healthy African Americans. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, an oral glucose tolerance test and an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp were performed. Insulin sensitivity measurements were adjusted for percentage of fat mass. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed on plasma from fasting blood samples. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression models were fitted to assess the association between glucose sensitivity and cytokines.
In univariate analysis, there were statistically significant correlations of plasma adiponectin level (r = 0.19, P = 0.004), PAI-1 (r = -0.19, P = 0.020) and IL-6 (r = -0.24, P < 0.001) with measures of insulin sensitivity after adjustment for both fat mass and insulin clamp concentration. In multivariate analysis, adiponectin geometric mean ratios (GMR) 1.15, P = 0.007, PAI-1 (GMR 0.998, P = 0.021) and body mass index (GMR 0.95, P < 0.001) were each independently associated with insulin sensitivity. For IL-6, there was no significant association with insulin sensitivity independent of obesity.
These data show a significant and independent positive correlation of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity. The relationship of IL-6 with insulin sensitivity seems to be dependent on adiposity.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In vitro studies demonstrate that ET-1 is upregulated by insulin and glucose. The purpose of this study was to determine the ...effects of insulin and glucose on ET-1 levels in young adult African Americans, a population with a high burden of hypertension and diabetes. Plasma and urine ET-1 levels were measured before and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin clamp procedure in 288 participants. Subjects were classified according to glucose tolerance and blood pressure (BP) status. Plasma and urine ET-1 were not significantly different among the glucose tolerance groups. There was a trend toward increased plasma ET-1 among those with diabetes compared with impaired glucose tolerance and normal glucose tolerance; however, this was not statistically significant (P = .085). According to BP status, plasma ET-1 was highest among the high BP group compared with the normal BP group (P = .01). After glucose challenge, plasma ET-1 levels decreased and urine ET-1 increased in all three BP groups (P = .037). Our data show that plasma ET-1 is higher among young adult African Americans with hypertension compared with normotension. Urine ET-1 levels increased in response to glucose challenge, possibly indicating early renal injury.
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