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•Musa balbisiana peels have been chosen as feedstock for catalyst.•Waste cooking oil has been converted to biodiesel using the prepared catalyst.•Remarkable biodiesel conversion ...efficiency of the catalyst has been observed.•2wt% of catalyst loading has achieved 100% conversion of oil into biodiesel.
Biodiesel production process encourages use of heterogeneous catalyst over homogeneous catalysts. The major problems associated with the use of homogeneous catalysts are its non-renewable nature, separation and washing which can be overcome by the use of heterogeneous catalysts. Therefore, in this work use of Musa balbisiana Colla peels, a waste biomass material has been used for preparing eco-friendly and highly effective heterogeneous base catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production. The peels of Musa balbisiana Colla have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffractograms (XRD), Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The conversion of the waste cooking oil into biodiesel was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) techniques. The peels of Musa balbisiana Colla furnished 100% conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. Low cost, renewable heterogeneous catalyst from banana (Musa balbisiana Colla) peels can be developed for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production providing a new route for sustainability of fuels.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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•Zn doped CaO nanocatalyst was employed in the transesterification of waste cooking oil to biodiesel.•Various reaction parameters were optimized following Response Surface Methodology ...(RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD).•Maximum biodiesel conversion of 96.74% was recorded under the optimized reaction condition.•The synthesized catalyst not only exhibits a favorable catalytic performance but also has perfect reusability.•The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were in agreement with the ASTM standards.
This research paper deals with the synthesis of efficient and low cost heterogeneous catalyst from waste egg shells by wet impregnation method. A series of Zn doped CaO (0.5–2 wt% Zn2+ concentration in CaO) nanocatalysts were prepared and employed in the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Synthesized catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. Various reaction parameters such as Zn doping, catalyst loading, methanol: oil molar ratio and reaction time were optimized following Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). Maximum biodiesel conversion of 96.74% was recorded under the reaction conditions of 20:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 5 wt% catalyst loading, 65 °C reaction temperature and 4 h of reaction time. The confirmation for biodiesel synthesis was performed using Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR) techniques. These results suggest that Zn doped CaO nanocatalyst is a promising catalyst for biodiesel production.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biodiesel production via transesterification of mustard oil with methanol using solid oxide catalyst derived from waste shell of
Turbonilla striatula was investigated. The shells were calcined at ...different temperatures for 4
h and catalyst characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements . Formation of solid oxide i.e. CaO was confirmed at calcination temperature of 800
°C. The effect of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, the reaction temperature, catalyst calcination temperature and catalyst amount used for transesterification were studied to optimize the reaction conditions. Biodiesel yield of 93.3% was achieved when transesterification was carried out at 65
±
5
°C by employing 3.0
wt.% catalyst and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. BET surface area indicated that the shells calcined in the temperature range of 700
°C–900
°C exhibited enhanced surface area and higher pore volume than the shells calcined at 600
°C. Reusability of the catalysts prepared in different temperatures was also investigated.
►
T. striatula waste shell derived solid catalyst is used for transesterification. ► The catalyst possesses characteristics of a ‘reen catalyst’. ► Active CaO phase is formed at a calcination temperature of 800 °C. ► Catalyst exhibits High activity and environmentally benign properties.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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•Bio-ethanol production from Scenedesmus obliquus deoiled cake (SO) was performed.•Biomass properties of SO has been examined and evaluated using suitable techniques.•Green catalyst ...(CBPA, CWH, CCPS, CTGL, K-RAC) were employed for saccharification.•Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate BY01.•Maximum ethanol yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L was achieved using CTGL green catalyst.
Microalgae have been accepted as a potential feedstock for biofuel production due to their high oil content and rapid biomass production. In this study, deoiled Scenedesmus obliquus (SO) was used for evaluating whether deoiled algal biomass residue is potential as an alternative energy resource for bio-ethanol production with different heterogeneous catalysts. The SO biomass was examined for its physiochemical properties and also evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and TGA techniques. The successful hydrolysis of SO was performed employing different eco-friendly bio-based heterogeneous catalysts and hydrolysate thus obtained was then subjected to fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand was analyzed through HPLC and GC which resulted in the production of bio-ethanol with the highest yield of 68.32 % at 8.24 g/L concentration.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Biodiesel obtained from yeast derived single cell oil (SCO) is considered as an alternative to conventional biodiesel derived from plant oils, having the potential to substitute petroleum-derived ...transport fuels. In this work, we have developed a heterogeneous potassium hydroxide catalyst (K-RAC) supported on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa deoiled cake activated carbon (RAC) to enhance the conversion of R. mucilaginosa isolate R2 derived SCO as well as waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The prepared catalyst was characterized by XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, BET and TGA. Basicity of the catalyst was determined by CO2-TPD and the hammet indicator test. The maximum fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversion of 96.6% and 98.66% for SCO and WCO respectively were obtained at optimized parameters i.e. 9:1 molar ratio (methanol/oil), 3 wt % of K-RAC loading at 60 °C and reaction time of 3 h. 1H NMR and GCMS was used to confirm the formation of biodiesel. The K-RAC was recycled effectively for five consecutive cycles.
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•Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) deoiled cake was used as a potential catalyst (K-RAC) for transesterification reaction.•K-RAC was characterized by various techniques.•Basic sites (K2O) on K-RAC facilitated biodiesel production from yeast single seed oil (SCO) and waste cooking oil (WCO).•FAME conversion of 96.6% and 98.66% for SCO and WCO was achieved with 3 wt % K-RAC.•The catalyst could be recycled for five successive cycles.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Catalytic conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol was studied over MgO–Al2O3 mixed oxide-based catalysts. Relationships between acid-base and catalytic properties and the effect of active metal on the ...hydrogen transfer reaction steps were investigated. The acid-base properties were studied by temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3 and by the FT-IR spectroscopic examination of adsorbed pyridine. Dispersion of the metal promoter (Pd, Pt, Ru, Ni) was determined by CO pulse chemisorption. The ethanol coupling reaction was studied using a flow-through microreactor system, He or H2 carrier gas, WHSV = 1 gEtOH·gcat.−1·h−1, at 21 bar, and 200–350 °C. Formation and transformation of surface species under catalytic conditions were studied by DRIFT spectroscopy. The highest butanol selectivity and yield was observed when the MgO–Al2O3 catalyst contained a relatively high amount of strong-base and medium-strong Lewis acid sites. The presence of metal improved the activity both in He and H2; however, the butanol selectivity significantly decreased at temperatures ≥ 300 °C due to acceleration of undesired side reactions. DRIFT spectroscopic results showed that the active metal promoted H-transfer from H2 over the narrow temperature range of 200–250 °C, where the equilibrium allowed significant concentrations of both dehydrogenated and hydrogenated products.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Carbon dioxide is ideal for carboxylation reactions as a renewable and sustainable C1 feedstock and has significant recognition owing to its low cost, non-toxicity, and high abundance. To depreciate ...the environmental concentration of CO2, which causes the greenhouse gas effect, developing new catalytic protocols for organic synthesis in CO2 utilization is of great importance. This review focuses on carboxylation reactions using CO2 as a C1 feedstock to synthesize value-added functionalized carboxylic acids and their corresponding derivatives via catalytically generated allyl metal intermediates, photoredox catalysis, and electrocatalysis with a focus on recent developments and opportunities in catalyst design for carboxylation reactions. In this article, we describe recent developments in the carboxylation of C–H bonds, alkenes, and alkynes using CO2 as the C1 source for various reactions under different conditions, as well as the potential direction for the further development of CO2 utilization in organic synthesis.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present research aims to exploit the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of freshwater microalgae,
Scenedesmus obliquus
, by performing polarity-wise successive solvent extraction by hexane, ...chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of these crude extracts were evaluated, and a correlation was established between these two parameters. The methanol and water extracts showed the highest phenolic (18–23 mg GAE/g EW) and flavonoid (5–8 mg QE/g EW) contents, resulting in a maximum antioxidant activity (IC
50
= 61–76 μg/mL for DPPH and 60–75 μg/mL for ABTS), but a lower antibacterial activity (MIC = 250–1000 μg/mL). In contrast, the hexane and chloroform extracts showed lower content of phenolics (0.3–0.8 mg GAE/g EW), resulting in a very low antioxidant activity (IC
50
= 223–278 μg/mL for DPPH and 172–220 μg/mL for ABTS). The hexane and chloroform extracts contained both saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids with carotenoids (4–6.2 mg/g DE) and lipids as their main constituents. Flavonoids like myricetin (0.3–0.56 μg/mg) and rutin (0.24–0.75 μg/mg) were identified and extracted from this algal strain for the first time. The hexane and chloroform extracts were effective on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, exhibiting the highest antibacterial activity (MIC = 15.6–125 μg/mL). Overall, the polar solvent extracts of
S. obliquus
were found to contain a high amount of phenolics and flavonoids than most reported microalgae species, making it a potential strain for developing industrially relevant biopharmaceuticals.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Open-field burning of rice straw contributes significantly to deterioration of air quality. Similarly, defatted algal residue is a surplus by-product of the algal biofuel industry. This study ...emphasizes on the two-step conversion of agro-industrial residues (rice straw and
Scenedesmus obliquus
deoiled biomass) into biodiesel and carotenoids using oleaginous red yeast
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
R2. The effect of biological pretreatment on degradation of lignocellulosic substrates followed by catalytic saccharification was evaluated using suitable analytical techniques. Mixed biomass favoured the growth and secretion of extracellular cellulose degrading enzymes by
Penicillium citrinum
PKB20 resulting in the highest specific activity of endoglucanase (83.02 IU/mg), xylanase (103 IU/mg) and β-glucosidase (13.8 IU/mg) under solid-state fermentation. The hydrolysis of pre-treated substrate was achieved with a saccharification yield of 41.41 %. Batch fermentation of detoxified hydrolysate amended with synthetic yeast propagation or lipid production media (YEPD or C/N 75) resulted in maximum lipid content and lipid yield of 30.43 % and 1.19 g/L respectively. GC analysis revealed that oleic acid (29.4-50.39 %) was the predominant fatty acid. The crude carotenoid extract was composed of torularhodin, torulene and β-carotene and exhibited strong antioxidant activity.
Graphic Abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Scenedesmus obliquus
is a locally available microalgae in the north-eastern region of India. Pyrolysis of
Scenedesmus obliquus
has been performed in a fixed-bed vertical reactor, at 350 to 550 °C ...temperature range with 40 °C/min heating rate. The physicochemical properties of the solid and liquid yields were investigated. The influence of temperature on the amount of product yields was analysed. The highest bio-oil yield of 20.42% and bio-char yield of 58.63% were achieved at 500 °C and 350 °C, respectively.
1
H NMR and FTIR were performed for the bio-oil characterisation. The higher heating value of the bio-oil was found to be highest 32.97 MJ/kg at 550 °C. SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD techniques were used for the bio-char analysis and characterisation. The resulted char was found to be porous, amorphous, heterogeneous, and basic in nature. The present work suggests
Scenedesmus obliquus
as a potential candidate for the production of energy substituting conventional fuel sources.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
