Hybrids of Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. with Citrus have shown degrees of tolerance to the deadly citrus greening disease, hence prompting interest as potential commercial varieties. Although P. ...trifoliata is known to produce fruit that is inedible, fruit from many advanced hybrid trees have not been evaluated for their quality potential. The sensory quality of selected Citrus hybrids with varying degrees of P. trifoliata in their pedigrees is reported herein. Four Citrus × P. trifoliata hybrids developed through the USDA Citrus scion breeding program—1‐76‐100, 1‐77‐105, 5‐18‐24, and 5‐18‐31—had acceptable eating quality and sweet and sour taste, with mandarin, orange, fruity–noncitrus, and floral flavors. On the other hand, hybrids with higher proportion of P. trifoliata in their pedigrees, US 119 and 6‐23‐20, produced a juice characterized by green, cooked, bitter, and Poncirus‐like flavor and aftertaste. Partial least square regressions revealed that the Poncirus‐like off‐flavor is likely due to a combination of higher than typical amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (woody/green odor), monoterpenes (citrus/pine), and terpene esters (floral) and a lack of aldehydes with typical citrus odor (octanal, nonanal, and decanal). Sweetness and sourness were mostly explained by high sugars and acids, respectively. Further, carvones and linalool contributed to sweetness in the samples from early and late seasons, respectively. In addition to highlighting chemical contributors to sensory descriptors in Citrus × P. trifoliata hybrids, this study provides useful information on sensory quality for future citrus breeding efforts.
Practical Application
The relationships between the sensory quality and secondary metabolites of Citrus × P. trifoliata hybrids described in this study help identify disease‐resistant Citrus scion hybrids with acceptable flavor and help mobilize this resistance in future breeding efforts. It also shows potential of such hybrids to be commercialized.
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Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for simultaneous monitoring of binary gas mixture and flow in the ATLAS Inner Detector. Sound transit times are measured in opposite directions in ...flowing gas. Flow rate and sound velocity are respectively calculated from their difference and average. Gas composition is evaluated in real-time by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database, based on the direct dependence of sound velocity on component concentrations in a mixture at known temperature and pressure. Five devices are integrated into the ATLAS Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor coolant leaks into N2 envelopes of the silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Resolutions better than ±2×10−5 and ±2×10−4 are seen for C3F8 and CO2 leak concentrations in N2 respectively. A fourth instrument detects sub-percent levels of air ingress into the C3F8 condenser of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator. Following extensive studies a fifth instrument was built as an angled sound path flowmeter to measure the high returning C3F8 vapour flux (∼1.2kgs−1). A precision of <2.3% FS for flows up to 10ms−1 was demonstrated. These instruments have many potential applications where continuous binary gas composition measurement is required, including hydrocarbon and anaesthetic gas mixtures.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The silicon tracker of the ATLAS experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider will operate around –15°C to minimize the effects of radiation damage. The present cooling system is based on a conventional ...evaporative circuit, removing around 60 kW of heat dissipated by the silicon sensors and their local electronics. The compressors in the present circuit have proved less reliable than originally hoped, and will be replaced with a thermosiphon. The working principle of the thermosiphon uses gravity to circulate the coolant without any mechanical components (compressors or pumps) in the primary coolant circuit. The fluorocarbon coolant will be condensed at a temperature and pressure lower than those in the on-detector evaporators, but at a higher altitude, taking advantage of the 92 m height difference between the underground experiment and the services located on the surface. An extensive campaign of tests, detailed in this paper, was performed using two small-scale thermosiphon systems. These tests confirmed the design specifications of the full-scale plant and demonstrated operation over the temperature range required for ATLAS. During the testing phase the system has demonstrated unattended long-term stable running over a period of several weeks. The commissioning of the full scale thermosiphon is ongoing, with full operation planned for late 2015.
•Ultrasonic instruments allow real time binary gas mixture monitoring.•High precision is demonstrated (>10–4 M) depending on molecular weight difference.•They can be used in binary gas analysis with ...known concentration of third-party gases.•Other applications of these instruments are foreseen.
We have developed ultrasonic instrumentation to simultaneously monitor flow and composition in a variety of gas mixtures. Flow and mixture composition are respectively derived from measurements of the difference and average of sound transit times in two opposite directions in a flowing process gas blend. Gas composition is then determined from an automated comparison of the measured sound velocities with a velocity/composition database.
Continuous, real-time precision measurements of binary gas mixtures are required in many applications. While the most natural application of this instrumentation is in the analysis of such mixtures, analysis of mixtures with additional components is also possible, as discussed in this paper.
In the ATLAS experiment at CERN, several instruments are presently used in the Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor octafluoropropane (C3F8, R218) and carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) coolant leaks into the nitrogen-purged envelopes surrounding elements of the inner silicon tracker. Precision in molar concentration of better than 2.10−5 is routinely seen in mixtures of C3F8 in nitrogen in the presence of known concentrations of the third party gas CO2.
Two further instruments are used to monitor the new 60 kW thermosiphon C3F8 evaporative coolant recirculator which exploits the 90 m depth of the ATLAS pit to circulate coolant without the need for pumps or compressors in the primary loop. These instruments are used to verify the absence of air leaks in the thermosiphon cooling circuit and to measure the vapour-phase coolant flow in real-time.
This instrumentation is also used to measure zeotropic fluorocarbon blends containing C3F8 and up to 25% hexafluoroethane (C2F6, R116), achieving a precision around 0.16% in the range 0–25% C2F6. We also report on measurements of heat transfer coefficient in these blends: our experimental data were compared to several empirical correlations, with typical differences less than 10%.
This analysis technique, targeting binary pairs of gases of dissimilar molecular weight, is particularly promising for mixtures of anesthetic gases, including in the developing area of anesthesia using xenon. The instrument and its various applications will be discussed.
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We describe a combined ultrasonic instrument for continuous gas flow measurement and simultaneous real-time binary gas mixture analysis. In the instrument, sound bursts are transmitted in opposite ...directions, which may be aligned with the gas flow path or at an angle to it, the latter configuration being the best adapted to high flow rates. The combined flow measurement and mixture analysis algorithm exploits the phenomenon whereby the sound velocity in a binary gas mixture at known temperature and pressure is a unique function of the molar concentration of the two components. The instrument is central to a possible upgrade to the present ATLAS silicon tracker cooling system in which octafluoropropane (C F ) evaporative cooling fluid would be replaced by a blend containing up to 25% hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ). The instrument has been developed in two geometries following computational fluid dynamics studies of various mechanical layouts. An instrument with 45 crossing angle has been installed for commissioning in the ATLAS silicon tracker cooling system. It can be used in gas flows up to 20 000 l.min -1 and has demonstrated a flow resolution of 2.3% of full scale for linear flow velocities up to 10 m.s in preliminary studies with air. Other instruments are currently used to detect low levels of C 2 F 8 vapor leaking into the N 2 environmental gas surrounding the ATLAS silicon tracker. A long-duration continuous study of more than a year has demonstrated a sensitivity to mixture variation of better than 5.10 -5 .
The development of custom ultrasonic instrumentation was motivated by the need for continuous real-time monitoring of possible leaks and mass flow measurement in the evaporative cooling systems of ...the ATLAS silicon trackers. The instruments use pairs of ultrasonic transducers transmitting sound bursts and measuring transit times in opposite directions. The gas flow rate is calculated from the difference in transit times, while the sound velocity is deduced from their average. The gas composition is then evaluated by comparison with a molar composition vs. sound velocity database, based on the direct dependence between sound velocity and component molar concentration in a gas mixture at a known temperature and pressure. The instrumentation has been developed in several geometries, with five instruments now integrated and in continuous operation within the ATLAS Detector Control System (DCS) and its finite state machine. One instrument monitors C sub(3) F sub(8) coolant leaks into the Pixel detector N sub(2) envelope with a molar resolution better than 2 10 super(-5), and has indicated a level of 0.14 % when all the cooling loops of the recently re-installed Pixel detector are operational. Another instrument monitors air ingress into the C sub(3) F sub(8) condenser of the new C sub(3) F sub(8) thermosiphon coolant recirculator, with sub-percent precision. The recent effect of the introduction of a small quantity of N sub(2) volume into the 9.5 m super(3) total volume of the thermosiphon system was clearly seen with this instrument. Custom microcontroller-based readout has been developed for the instruments, allowing readout into the ATLAS DCS via Modbus TCP/IP on Ethernet. The instrumentation has many potential applications where continuous binary gas composition is required, including in hydrocarbon and anaesthetic gas mixtures.
Precision sound velocity measurements can simultaneously determine binary gas composition and flow. We have developed an analyzer with custom microcontroller-based electronics, currently used in the ...ATLAS Detector Control System, with numerous potential applications. Three instruments monitor C sub(3) F sub(8) and CO sub(2) coolant leak rates into the nitrogen envelopes of the ATLAS silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Two further instruments will aid operation of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator: one of these will monitor air leaks into the low pressure condenser while the other will measure return vapour flow along with C sub(3) F sub(8)/C sub(2) F sub(6) blend composition, should blend operation be necessary to protect the ATLAS silicon tracker under increasing LHC luminosity. We describe these instruments and their electronics.
We describe a combined ultrasonic instrument for gas flow metering and continuous real-time binary gas composition measurements. The combined flow measurement and mixture analysis algorithm employs ...sound velocity measurements in two directions in combination with measurements of the pressure and temperature of the process gas mixture. The instrument has been developed in two geometries following extensive computational fluid dynamics studies of various mechanical layouts. A version with an axial sound path has been used with binary gas flows up to 230 1.min super(-1), while a version with a sound path angled at 45 degree to the gas flow direction has been developed for use in gas flows up to 200001.min super(-1). The instrument with the axial geometry has demonstrated a flow resolution of less than or equal to 1% of full scale for flows up to 230 1.min super(-1) and a mixture resolution of 3.10 super(-3) for C sub(3)F sub(8)/C sub(2)F sub(6) molar mixtures with similar to 20%C sub(2)F sub(6). Higher mixture precision is possible in mixtures of gases with widely-differing molecular weight (mw): a sensitivity of < 5.10 super(-5) to traces of C sub(3)F sub(8) in nitrogen (mw difference 160) has been seen in a long duration (> 1yr) continuous study. A prototype instrument with 45 degree crossing angle has demonstrated a flow resolution of 1.9% of full scale for linear flow velocities up to 15 ms super(-1). Although this development was motivated by a requirement of the ATLAS silicon tracker evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system, the developed instrument can be used in many applications where continuous knowledge of binary gas composition is required. Applications include the analysis of hydrocarbons, vapour mixtures for semi-conductor manufacture and anaesthetic gas mixtures.
Evidence for a B-s(0)pi(+/-) State Askew, A.; Aushev, V.; Avila, C. ...
Physical review letters,
07/2016, Volume:
117, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We report evidence for a narrow structure, X(5568), in the decay sequence X(5568) -> B-s(0)pi(+/-), B-s(0) -> J/psi phi, J/psi -> mu(+)mu(-), phi -> K+K-. This is evidence for the first ...instance of a hadronic state with valence quarks of four different flavors. The mass and natural width of this state are measured to be m = 5567.8 +/- 2.9(stat)(-1.9)(+0.9) (syst) MeV/c(2) and Gamma = 21.9 +/- 6.4(stat)(-2.5)(+5.0) (syst) MeV/c(2). If the decay is X(5568) -> B-s*pi(+/-). B-s(0)gamma pi(+/-) with an unseen gamma, m(X(5568)) will be shifted up by m(B-s*) - m(B-s(0)) similar to 49 MeV/c(2). This measurement is based on 10.4 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collision data at root s = 1.96 TeV collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider.
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